Skip to main content

Urban Inequality: Approaches and Narratives

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Inequalities in Creative Cities

Abstract

Social and economic disparities within ‘ordinary cities’ have been under-researched in contemporary urban studies. This chapter addresses the complexities of urban inequality with its many conflicting approaches and narratives. After a brief overview of the normative aspects of disparity, I discuss the influence of the situatedness of the researcher and the conflicting notions of the ‘urban’ on studying urban inequality. Thereafter I provide a historical overview of the manifold approaches and narratives in social sciences, with special emphasis on those from the contemporary decades. The analysis is aimed at identifying the main conceptual issues and considerations along which a complex investigation and interpretation of urban inequality in the creative city is possible.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    For an in-depth analysis of the impact of Wilkinson’s and Pickett’s book on the political discourse on social disparities see Gyuris (2014).

Bibliography

  • Abu-Lughod, Janet Lippman. 1999. New York, Chicago, Los Angeles: America’s Global Cities. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Agnew, John. 1994. The territorial trap: the geographical assumptions of international relations theory. Review of International Political Economy 1(1): 53–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Allen, Kim, and Sumi Hollingworth. 2013. ‘Sticky subjects’ or ‘cosmopolitan creatives’? Social class, place and urban young people’s aspirations for work in the knowledge economy. Urban Studies 50: 499–517.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Assmann, Jan. 2000. Herrschaft und Heil. Politische Theologie in Altägypten, Israel und Europa [Rule and Salvation. Political Theology in Ancient Egypt, Israel and Europe]. München: Hanser.

    Google Scholar 

  • Avelino, Flor, and Jan Rotmans. 2009. Power in transition. An interdisciplinary framework to study power in relation to structural change. European Journal of Social Theory 12: 543–569.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bakker, Karen. 2003. An Uncooperative Commodity: Privatizing Water in England and Wales. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bales, Kevin. 1996. Lives and labours in the emergence of organised social research, 1886-1907. Journal of Historical Sociology 9: 113–138.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barnett, Clive. 2011. Geography and ethics: justice unbound. Progress in Human Geography 35: 246–255.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barro, Robert J., and Xavier Sala-i-Martin. 2004. Economic Growth, 2 edn. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berreman, Gerald D. 2001. Inequality: comparative aspects. In International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, ed. Neil J. Smelser, and Paul B. Baltes, 7377–7382. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Blass, Thomas (ed). 2000. Obedience to Authority: Current Perspectives on the Milgram Paradigm. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blomley, Nicholas. 2008. Enclosure, common right and the property of the poor. Social Legal Studies 17: 311–331.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blomström, Magnus, and Björn Hettne. 1984. Development Theory in Transition. The Dependency Debate and Beyond: Third World Responses. London: Zed Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bobek, Hans. 1927. Grundfragen der Stadtgeographie [Basic questions of urban geography]. Geographischer Anzeiger 28: 213–224.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bockman, Johanna, and Gil Eyal. 2002. Eastern Europe as a laboratory for economic knowledge: The transnational roots of neoliberalism. American Journal of Sociology 108: 310–352.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bohman, James. 1996. Public Deliberation: Pluralism, Complexity and Democracy. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Booth, Charles. 1902–1903. Life and Labour of the People in London, 3 edn. Seventeen volumes. Macmillan: London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bourdieu, Pierre. 1986. The forms of capital. In Handbook of Theory of Research for the Sociology of Education, ed. J.G. Richardson, 241–258. New York: Greenwood (Translated by R. Nice).

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1998. Practical Reason. On the Theory of Action. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2004. Science of Science and Reflexivity. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press (Translated by R. Nice).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bourdieu, Pierre, and Jean-Claude Passeron. 1990. Reproduction in Education, Society and Culture. London: SAGE (Translated from the French by R. Nice).

    Google Scholar 

  • Brenner, Neil. 2013. Theses on urbanization. Public Culture 25: 85–114.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2014. Introduction: urban theory without an outside. In Implosions/Explosions. Towards a Study of Planetary Urbanization, ed. N. Brenner, 14–35. Berlin: Jovis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brenner, Neil, and Christian Schmid. 2015. Towards a new epistemology of the urban? City: Analysis of Urban Trends, Culture, Theory, Policy, Action 19: 151–182.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brunet, Roger. 2002. Lignes de force de l’espace européen [Lines of force of the European space]. Mappemonde 66: 14–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bulmer, Martin. 2001. History of social survey. In International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, ed. Neil J. Smelser, and Paul B. Baltes, 14469–14473. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Buttler, Ruth, and Hester Parr (ed). 1999. Mind and Body Spaces: Geographies of Illness, Impairment and Disability. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Castells, Manuel. 1996. The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture Vol. 1. The Rise of Network Society. Malden, MA: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Catungal, John Paul, and Deborah Leslie. 2009. Contesting the creative city: race, nation, multiculturalism. Geoforum 40: 701–704.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cheshire, Paul C., and Edward J. Malecki. 2004. Growth, development, and innovation: a look backward and forward. Papers in Regional Science 83: 249–267.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chouinard, Vera, Edward Hall, and Robert Wilton (ed). 2010. Towards Enabling Geographies: ‘Disabled’ Bodies and Minds in Society and Space. Farnham: Ashgate.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collins, Randall. 1988. Theoretical Sociology. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.

    Google Scholar 

  • Colomb, Claire. 2011. Culture in the city, culture for the city? The political construction of the trickle-down in cultural regeneration strategies in Roubaix, France. TPR: Town Planning Review 82: 77–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conover, Pamela Johnston, Donald D. Searing, and Ivor M. Crewe. 2002. The deliberative potential of political discussion. British Journal of Political Science 32: 21–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dahl, Robert A. 1989. Democracy and Its Critics. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dear, Michael. 2002. Los Angeles and the Chicago School: invitation to a debate. City & Community 1: 5–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dear, Michael, and Steven Flusty. 1998. Postmodern urbanism. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 88: 50–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Geer, Sten. 1923. Greater Stockholm: a geographical interpretation. Geographical Review 13: 497–506.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deutsche, Rosalyn. 1991. Boys town. Environment and Planning D 9: 5–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DeVerteuil, Geoffrey. 2012. Does the punitive need the supportive? A sympathetic critique of current grammars of urban injustice. Antipode 46: 874–893.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DeVerteuil, Geoffrey, Jon May, and Jürgen von Mahs. 2009. Complexity not collapse: recasting the geographies of homelessness in a ‘punitive’ age. Progress in Human Geography 33: 646–666.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dickson, Deborah P., and John Paul Jones III. 2006. Feminist geographies of difference, relation, and construction. In Approaches to Human Geography, ed. Stuart Aitken, and Gill Valentine, 42–56. London: SAGE.

    Google Scholar 

  • Donegan, Mary, and Nichola Lowe. 2008. Inequality in the creative city: is there still a place for ‘old-fashioned’ institutions? Economic Development Quarterly 22: 46–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dreher, Christopher. (2002). Be creative—or die. Salon, 7 June. http://www.salon.com/2002/06/06/florida_22/. Accessed on April 14, 2016.

  • Dybbroe, Susanne, Jens Dahl, and Ludger Müller-Wille. 2010. Dynamics of Arctic urbanization. Acta Borealia: A Nordic Journal of Circumpolar Societies 27: 120–124.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Entrikin, J. Nicholas, and John H. Tepple. 2006. Humanism and democratic place-making. In Approaches to Human Geography, ed. Stuart Aitken, and Gill Valentine, 30–41. London: SAGE.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Fincher, Ruth, and Kurt Iveson. 2012. Justice and injustice in the city. Geographical Research 50: 231–241.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Florida, Richard. 2002. The Rise of the Creative Class: And How It’s Transforming Work, Leisure, Community and Everyday Life. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2004. Cities and the Creative Class. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flyvbjerg, Bent. 1998. Rationality and Power: Democracy in Practice. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foster, Sheila R. 2011. Collective action and the urban commons. Notre Dam Law Review 87: 57–133.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foucault, Michel. 1981. The order of discourse (inaugural lecture at the Collège de France, given 2 December 1970). In Untying the Text: A Post-Structuralist Reader, ed. Robert Young, 51–78. Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1994. Dits et écrits: 1954–1988. Vol. 4., 1980–1988 [Said and Written: 1954–1988]. Paris: Gallimard.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fraser, Nancy. 2000. Rethinking recognition. New Left Review 3: 107–120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedmann, John. 1966. Regional Development Policy: A Case Study of Venezuela. London: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gieryn, Thomas F. 2006. City as truth-spot: laboratories and field-sites in urban studies. Social Studies of Science 36: 5–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glaeser, Edward. 2011. Triumph of the City: How Our Greatest Invention Makes Us Richer, Smarter, Greener, Healthier, and Happier. New York: Penguin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gleeson, Brendan. 2014. The Urban Condition. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Golledge, Reginald G. 2006. Philosophical bases of behavioral research in geography. In Approaches to Human Geography, ed. Stuart Aitken, and Gill Valentine, 75–85. London: SAGE.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Gould, Peter, and Ulf Strohmayer. 2004. Geographical visions: the evolution of human geographic thought in the twentieth century. In Human Geography: A History for the 21st Century, ed. Georges Benko, and Ulf Strohmayer, 1–24. London: Arnold.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gyuris, Ferenc. 2014. The Political Discourse of Spatial Disparities: Geographical Inequalities Between Science and Propaganda. Cham: Springer.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Habermas, Jürgen. 1990. Moral Consciousness and Communicative Action. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, Peter, and Kathy Pain. 2006. From metropolis to polyopolis. In The Polycentric Metropolis: Learning from Mega-City Regions in Europe, ed. Peter Hall, and Kathy Pain, 3–16. London: Earthscan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, Peter, Kathy Pain, and Nick Green. 2006. Anatomy of the polycentric metropolis: eight mega-city regions in overview. In The Polycentric Metropolis: Learning from Mega-City Regions in Europe, ed. Peter Hall, and Kathy Pain, 19–52. London: Earthscan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanson, Susan, and Geraldine Pratt. 1995. Gender, Work, and Space. New York: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Harrington, Carol. 2010. Politicization of Sexual Violence: From Abolitionism to Peacekeeping. Burlington, VT: Ashgate.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris, Chauncy D., and Edward L. Ullman. 1945. The nature of cities. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 242: 7–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, John, and Michael Hoyler. 2015. Megaregions: foundations, frailties, futures. In Megaregions: Globalization’s New Urban Form? ed. John Harrison, and Michael Hoyler, 1–28. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, David. 1972. Revolutionary and counter revolutionary theory in geography and the problem of ghetto formation. Antipode 4: 1–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1973. Social Justice and the City. London/Baltimore, MD: Edward Arnold/Johns Hopkins University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1978. The urban process under capitalism: a framework for analysis. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 2: 101–131.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1982. The Limits to Capital, 1 edn. Oxford/Chicago, IL: Blackwell/University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2003. The New Imperialism. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2005. A Brief History of Neoliberalism. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2008. The right to the city. New Left Review 53: 23–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2012. Rebel Cities: From the Right to the City to the Urban Revolution. New York: Verso.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herrschel, Tassilo (ed). 2007. Global Geographies of Post-Socialist Transition. Geographies, Societies, Policies. London. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirschman, Albert O. 1958. The Strategy of Economic Development. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoelscher, Michael. 2012. Indicator suites. In Cities, Cultural Policy and Governance, ed. Helmut Anheier, and Yudhishthir Raj Isar, 353–442. London: SAGE.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoelscher, Michael, and Julia Schubert. 2015. Potential and problems of existing creativity and innovation indices. Creativity Research Journal 27: 1–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoyt, Homer. 1939. The Structure and Growth of Residential Neighborhoods in American Cities. Washington, DC: Federal Housing Administration.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hutton, Thomas A. 2010. The New Economy of the Inner City: Restructuring, Regeneration and Dislocation in the Twenty-First Century Metropolis. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2015. Epilogue: economic change, globalising cities and the new urban order. In Cities and Economic Change: Restructuring and Dislocation in the Global Metropolis, ed. Ronan Paddison, and Thomas A. Hutton, 231–246. London: SAGE.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iveson, Kurt. 2013. Building a city for ‘the people’: the politics of alliance-building in the Sydney Green Ban Movement. Antipode 46: 992–1013.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • James, Preston E. 1933. Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. Geographical Review 23: 271–298.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jonas, Andrew E.G., and David Wilson. 1999. The city as a growth machine: critical reflections two decades later. In The Urban Growth Machine: Critical Perspectives Two Decades Later, ed. Andrew E.G. Jonas, and David Wilson, 3–18. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Judd, Dennis R. 2005. Everything is always going to hell: urban scholars as end-times prophets. Urban Affairs Review 41: 119–131.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Knight, Jack, and James Johnson. 1997. What sort of equality does deliberative democracy require? In Deliberative Democracy: Essays on Reason and Politics, ed. James Bohman, and William Rehg, 279–320. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krätke, Stefan. 2010. ‘Creative cities’ and the rise of the dealer class: a critique of Richard Florida’s approach to urban theory. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 34: 835–853.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lawson, Victoria. 2007. Geographies of care and responsibility. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 97: 1–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lazarsfeld, Paul F. 1939. The change of opinion during a political discussion. Journal of Applied Psychology 23: 131–147.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leaf, Michael. 1996. Building the road for the BMW: culture, vision, and the extended metropolitan region of Jakarta. Environment and Planning A 28: 1617–1635.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lefebvre, Henri. 2003 [1970]. The Urban Revolution. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich. 1964a. Imperialism, the highest stage of capitalism. In V. I. Lenin. Collected Works. Volume 22. December 1915–July 1916, ed. George Hanna, 185–304. Moscow: Progress Publishers (Translated by Yuri Sdobnikov).

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. (1964b). The development of capitalism in Russia. The process of the formation of a home market for large-scale industry. In V. I. Lenin. Collected Works. Volume 3, 21–607. Moscow: Progress Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leslie, Deborah, and John Paul Catungal. 2012. Social justice and the creative city: Class, gender and racial inequalities. Geography Compass 6: 111–122.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, Robert. 2008. Chicago Made: Factory Networks in the Industrial Metropolis. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Livingstone, David N. 2003. Putting Science in Its Place: Geographies of Scientific Knowledge. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Lobato, Ramon. 2010. Creative industries and informal economies: lessons from Nollywood. International Journal of Cultural Studies 13: 337–354.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Logan, John R., and Harvey L. Molotch. 1987. Urban Fortunes: The Political Economy of Place. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • London School of Economics & Political Science. n.d. Charles Booth (1840–1916)—A Biography (Charles Booth Online Archive). Retrieved September 02, 2014, from http://booth.lse.ac.uk/static/a/2.html.

  • Luxemburg, Rosa. 2003 [1913]. The Accumulation of Capital. London: Routledge (Translated by A. Schwarzschild. With a new introduction by T. Kowalik).

    Google Scholar 

  • MacLeod, Gordon. 2011. Urban politics reconsidered: growth machine to post-democratic city? Urban Studies 48: 2629–2660.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MacLeod, Gordon, and Colin McFarlane. 2014. Introduction: grammars of urban injustice. Antipode 46: 857–873.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marston, Sallie A. 2010. Introduction: Geographies of social justice. In The SAGE Handbook of Social Geographies, ed. Susan J. Smith, Rachel Pain, Sallie A. Marston, and John Paul Jones III, 411–418. London: SAGE.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marx, Karl, and Friedrich Engels. 1998 [1848]. The Communist Manifesto. London: ElecBook.

    Google Scholar 

  • Massey, Doreen. 1991. Flexible sexism. Environment and Planning D 9: 31–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1994. Space, Place, and Gender. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDowell, Linda. 1997. Capital Culture: Gender at Work in the City. Oxford: Blackwell.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2004. Work, workfare, work/life balance and an ethic of care. Progress in Human Geography 28: 145–163.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2010. Capital culture revisited: sex, testosterone and the city. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 34: 652–658.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McDowell, Linda, and Jane Dyson. 2011. The other side of the knowledge economy: ‘reproductive’ employment and affective labours in Oxford. Environment and Planning A 43: 2186–2201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Merrifield, Andy. 2013. The urban question under planetary urbanization. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 37: 909–922.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meusburger, Peter. 1998. Bildungsgeographie. Wissen und Ausbildung in der räumlichen Dimension [Geography of Education. Knowledge and Education in the Spatial Dimension]. Heidelberg: Spektrum.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2009. Milieus of creativity: the role of places, environments, and spatial contexts. In Knowledge and Space: Vol. 2. Milieus of Creativity. An Interdisciplinary Approach to Spatiality of Creativity, ed. Peter Meusburger, Joachim Funke, and Edgar Wunder, 97–153. Dordrecht: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2011. Knowledge, cultural memory, and politics. In Knowledge and Space: Vol. 4. Cultural Memories. The Geographical Point of View, ed. Peter Meusburger, Michael Heffernan, and Edgar Wunder, 51–69. Dordrecht: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mills, C. Wright. 1956. The Power Elite. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mingione, Enzo. 1996. Urban poverty in the advanced industrial world: concepts, analysis and debates. In Urban Poverty and the Underclass. A Reader, ed. Enzo Mingione, 3–40. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Morrill, Richard. 2001. Spatial equity. In International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, ed. Neil J. Smelser, and Paul B. Baltes, 14789–14792. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Morris, Meaghan. 1992. The man in the mirror: David Harvey’s ‘condition’ of postmodernity. Theory, Culture & Society 9: 253–279.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Myrdal, Gunnar. 1957. Rich Lands and Poor. The Road to World Prosperity. New York: Harper and Brothers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nagel, Thomas. 1986. The View from Nowhere. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nordic Council of Ministers. (2011). Megatrends. Copenhagen. http://norden.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:702166/FULLTEXT01.pdf. Accessed on April 12, 2016.

  • Nozick, Richard. 1974. Anarchy, State, and Utopia. Oxford: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olson, Elizabeth, and Andrew Sayer. 2009. Radical geography and its critical standpoints: embracing the normative. Antipode 41: 180–198.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pacione, Michael. 2005. Urban Geography: A Global Perspective, 2 edn. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parent du Châtelet, Alexandre Jean-Baptiste. 1836. De la prostitution dans la ville de Paris, considérée sous le rapport de l‘hygiène publique, de la morale et de l’administration: ouvrage appuyé de documens statistiques puisés dans les archives de la Préfecture de police [Prostitution in the City of Paris, Considered with Respect to Public Health, Morals, and Administration: Work Supported by Statistical Documents Drawn from the Archives of the Prefecture of Police]. Two volumes. Paris: Jean-Baptiste Baillière.

    Google Scholar 

  • Park, Robert E., Ernest W. Burgess, and Roderick D. McKenzie. 1925. The City. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peck, Jamie. 1995. Moving and shaking: business elites, state localism and urban privatism. Progress in Human Geography 19: 16–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2005. Struggling with the creative class. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 29: 740–770.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2007. The creativity fix. Fronesis 24: 1–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2009. The cult of urban creativity. In Leviathan Undone? Towards a Political Economy of Scale, ed. Roger Keil, and Rianne Mahon, 159–176. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peck, Jamie, and Nik Theodore. 2010. Mobilizing policy: models, methods, and mutations. Geoforum 41: 169–174.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perlman, Janice. 2010. Favela: Four Decades of Living on the Edge in Rio de Janeiro. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Piketty, Thomas. 2014. Capital in the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Pounds, Norman J.G. 1963. Political Geography. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pratt, Andy C. 2008. Creative cities: the cultural industries and the creative class. Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography 90: 107–117.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2011. The cultural contradictions of the creative city. City, Culture and Society 2: 123–130.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Quetelet, Adolphe. 1835. Sur l’homme et le développement de ses facultés, ou essai de physique sociale [A Treatise on Man and the Development of His Faculties, or a Test of Social Physics]. Two volumes. Paris: Bachelier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rantisi, Norma M., Deborah Leslie, and Susan Christopherson. 2006. Placing the creative economy: scale, politics, and the material. Environment and Planning A 38: 1789–1797.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rawls, John. 1971. A Theory of Justice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1997. The idea of public reason. In Deliberative Democracy: Essays on Reason and Politics, ed. James Bohman, and William Rehg, 131–144. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, Jennifer. 2006. Ordinary Cities: Between Modernity and Development. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosso, Andrea L., Amy H. Auchincloss, and Yvonne L. Michael. 2011. The urban built environment and mobility in older adults: a comprehensive review. Journal of Aging Research. doi:10.4061/2011/816106.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sandercock, Leonie. 1975. Cities for Sale: Property, Politics, and Urban Planning in Australia. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1998. Towards Cosmopolis: Planning for Multicultural Cities. Chichester: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sassen, Saskia. 2013. When territory deborders territoriality. Territory, Politics, Governance 1: 21–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saunders, Frances Stonor. 1999. Who Paid the Piper? The CIA and the Cultural Cold War. London: Granta Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schlosberg, David. 2004. Reconceiving environmental justice: global movements and political theories. Environmental Politics 13: 517–540.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sharlet, Jeff. 2011. Inside Occupy Wall Street. Rolling Stone Politics, November 24. http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/occupy-wall-street-welcome-to-the-occupation-20111110. Accessed on July 29, 2014.

  • Shearmur, Richard. 2007. The new knowledge aristocracy: the creative class, mobility and urban growth. Work Organisation, Labour & Globalisation 1: 31–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simon, Jonathan. 2007. Governing Through Crime: How the War on Crime Transformed American Democracy and Created a Culture of Fear. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simone, AbdouMaliq. 2004. For the City Yet to Come: Changing African Life in Four Cities. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Slater, Tom. 2012. The myth of ‘Broken Britain’: welfare reform and the production of ignorance. Antipode 46: 948–969.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, David M. 1973. The Geography of Social Well-Being in the United States: An Introduction to Territorial Social Indicators. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, Neil. 1982. Gentrification and uneven development. Economic Geography 58: 139–155.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2001a. Global social cleansing: postliberal revanchism and the export of zero tolerance. Social Justice 28: 68–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2001b. Marxism and geography in the Anglophone world. Geographische Revue 3: 5–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2008. Uneven Development: Nature, Capital, and the Production of Space. Third Edition, with a New Afterword. Atlanta, GA: University of Georgia Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, Susan J., Rachel Pain, Sallie A. Marston, and John Paul Jones III. 2010. Introduction: situating social geographies. In The SAGE Handbook of Social Geographies, ed. Susan J. Smith, Rachel Pain, Sallie A. Marston, and John Paul Jones III, 1–39. London: SAGE.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Stenmark, Mikael. 2008. Science and the limits of knowledge. In Knowledge and Space: Vol. 1. Clashes of Knowledge. Orthodoxies and Heterodoxies in Science and Religion, ed. Peter Meusburger, Michael Welker, and Edgar Wunder, 111–120. Dordrecht: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swyngedouw, Erik. 1997a. Excluding the other: the production of scale and scaled politics. In Geographies of Economies, ed. Roger Lee, and Jane Wills, 167–176. London: Edward Arnold.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1997b. Neither global nor local. ‘Globalization’ and the politics of scale. In Spaces of Globalization. Reasserting the Power of the Local, ed. Kevin R. Cox, 137–166. New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2005. Dispossessing H2O: the contested terrain of water privatization. Capitalism, Nature, Socialism 16: 81–98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2009. Troubled waters: the political economy of essential public services. In Water and Sanitation Services: Public Policy and Management, ed. José Esteban Castro, and Léo Heller, 22–39. London: Zed Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stiglitz, Joseph E. 2012. The Price of Inequality: How Today’s Divided Society Endangers Our Future. London: W. W. Norton & Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, Charles. 1994. The politics of recognition. In Multiculturalism, ed. Amy Gutmann, 25–74. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Uitermark, Justus, and Walter Nicholls. 2013. From politicization to policing: the rise and decline of new social movements in Amsterdam and Paris. Antipode 46: 970–991.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • UNFPA (United Nations Population Fund). 2007. State of World Population 2007. Unleashing the Potential of Urban Growth. New York. https://www.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/695_filename_sowp2007_eng.pdf. Accessed on January 24, 2016.

  • United Nations. n.d. World Urbanization Prospects. http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup. Accessed on January 24, 2016.

  • van Winden, Willem. 2010. Knowledge and the European city. Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie 101: 100–106.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wacquant, Loïc. 2008. Ordering insecurity: Social polarization and the punitive upsurge. Radical Philosophy Review 11: 1–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walby, Sylvia. 1990. Theorizing Patriarchy. Malden, MA: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ward, Kevin, and Kim England. 2007. Introduction: reading neoliberalization. In Neoliberalization: States, Networks, Peoples, ed. Kim England, and Kevin Ward, 1–22. Malden, MA: Blackwell.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • We Are The 99 Percent. n.d. We Are The 99 Percent Blog. http://wearethe99percent.tumblr.com/ Accessed on July 29, 2014.

  • Weber, Max. 1921. Die Stadt. Eine soziologische Untersuchung [The city. A sociological study]. Archiv für Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik 47: 621–772.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson, Richard, and Kate Pickett. 2009. The Spirit Level: Why More Equal Societies Almost Always Do Better. London: Allen Lane.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williamson, Jeffrey G. 1965. Regional inequality and process of national development: a description of the patterns. Economic Development and Cultural Change 13(4/II): 3–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, David, and Roger Keil. 2008. The real creative class. Social & Cultural Geography 8: 841–847.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • World Bank. n.d. World Development Indicators. http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators. Accessed on January 24, 2016.

  • Wunder, Edgar. 2008. Introduction to the volume. Clashes of knowledge inside, outside, and at the threshold of science. In Knowledge and Space: Vol. 1. Clashes of Knowledge. Orthodoxies and Heterodoxies in Science and Religion, ed. Peter Meusburger, Michael Welker, and Edgar Wunder, 5–9. Dordrecht: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, Iris Marion. 1990. Justice and the Politics of Difference. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zimbalist, Sidney E. 1977. Historic Themes and Landmarks in Social Welfare Research. New York: Harper.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgement

This book chapter has been supported by the National Research, Development and Innovation Office – NKFIH under grant number PD 121127. The title of the grant is ‘New spatial disparities after the global crisis’.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Copyright information

© 2017 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Gyuris, F. (2017). Urban Inequality: Approaches and Narratives. In: Gerhard, U., Hoelscher, M., Wilson, D. (eds) Inequalities in Creative Cities. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95115-4_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95115-4_3

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, New York

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-349-95114-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-349-95115-4

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics