Abstract
This chapter explores the processes related to the externalization of European Union (EU) rules and norms in the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) framework in Ukraine—a country torn by deep conflict. Using empirical data the chapter analyses the level of integration of Ukraine into the EU’s security community along four dimensions proposed by Rieker: scope of agreements, level of adaptation, level of participation, and level of attractiveness. In each of these areas, the chapter examines the dynamics of externalization in three key policy fields: energy, trade, and visa issues. The dynamics in these dimensions have implications for the level of attractiveness of the EU in Ukraine. We argue that conflict—ongoing in Ukraine at the time of writing—renders parts of the established social structure defunct and opens up possibilities for radical and swift change of governance structures. This may bring about more rapid adaptations and change than would otherwise be the case.
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Notes
- 1.
Authors conducted interviews in Kyiv, 24 September–October 2013, with governmental officials, academics, journalists and NGO activists. Additional data were obtained from official documents and reports.
- 2.
Energy cooperation and visa dialogue are often seen as ‘breakthrough sectors of EU–Ukraine cooperation’ (Duleba et al. 2012, p. 5, see also Popescu and Wilson 2009). In addition, at the core of the AA is the DCFTA covering all trade-related areas and further deepening Ukraine’s access to the European market and encouraging investment in Ukraine (Europa 2013). Therefore we focus on exploring the dynamics of rule externalization in Ukraine in these three policy fields so central to EU–Ukraine relations.
- 3.
See statement by President of the European Council Herman Van Rompuy at the occasion of the signing ceremony of the political provisions of the AA between the EU and Ukraine, EUCO 68/14, Brussels, 21 March 2014.
- 4.
‘Ukraine: unilateral trade measures extended’, Press Release. ST 14689/14, PRESS 554; Brussels, Council of the EU, 24 October 2014.
- 5.
‘The EU Pays €250 million non-reimbursable assistance to Ukraine under the State Building Contract’, Press Release, EU Delegation to Ukraine, 12 June 2014 (available at http://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/ukraine/press_corner/all_news/news/2014/2014_06_13_01_en.htmaccessed 29 July 2015).
- 6.
‘European Commission’s Support for Ukraine’, memo 14/279, Brussels: European Commission, 25 June 2014, p. 5.
- 7.
Interview I10, Kyiv, 1 September 2013.
- 8.
Interview I4, Kyiv, 26 September 2013.
- 9.
‘Breakthrough: 4.6 billion dollar deal secures gas for Ukraine and EU’, Press Release, IP 14/1238, Brussels, European Commission.
- 10.
‘European Commission’s Support for Ukraine’, memo 14/279, p. 2.
- 11.
Interview I4, Kyiv, 2 October 2013.
- 12.
Interview I5, Kyiv, 30 September 2013.
- 13.
See ‘European Commission’s Support to Ukraine’, Memo, Brussels: European Commission, 5 March 2014 (available at http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-14-159_en.htm, accessed 29 July 2015). The Annex to this Proposal includes an overview of available financial resources and mechanisms.
- 14.
See Support Group for Ukraine, press release IP 14/413, Brussels: European Commission, 9 April 2014.
- 15.
For details on the activities and mandate of EUAM see http://www.eeas.europa.eu/csdp/missions-and-operations/euam-ukraine/index_en.htm, accessed on 31 July 2015.
- 16.
Seventh Joint EU–Ukraine Report, Implementation of the EU–Ukraine Memorandum of Understanding on Energy Cooperation during 2012. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/energy/international/bilateral_cooperation/doc/ukraine/20130225_mou_progress_report7_en. pdf.
- 17.
Interview I1, Kyiv, 24 September 2013; I10, Kyiv, 1 October 2013.
- 18.
Based on the following interviews in Kyiv, autumn 2013: I1, 24 September; I3, 25 September; I4, 26 September; I7, 30 September; I9, 1 October; I10, Kyiv, 1 October; I13, 3 October; as well as internal memo from the European Commission to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine, October 2013.
- 19.
Interview I10, Kyiv, 1 October 2013; I7, Kyiv, 30 September 2013.
- 20.
See Joint conclusions of the EU–Russian Federation–Ukraine ministerial meeting on the effects of implementation of the EU–Ukraine AA/DCFTA; Statement 14/223, European Commission, Brussels, 11 July 2014.
- 21.
See ‘Poroshenko Approves Composition of Advisory International Council of Reforms and Dissolves Advisory Council of Reforms’, USAID Rada Program, available at http://radaprogram.org/en/content/poroshenko-approves-composition-advisory-international-council-reforms-and-dissolves#sthash.YByOgBNq.dpu; accessed 1 August 2015.
- 22.
See statement by Senator John McCain on Invitation to Join Ukraine’s Advisory Council on Reforms, 14 May 2015, available at http://www.mccain.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/press-releases?ID=48d5a75f-9c4a-44db-8908-02dccbbbcc71; accessed 1 August 2015.
- 23.
See ‘Saakashvili—Ukraine’s New Governor in Odessa Splits Opinion’, BBC news online, 2 June 2015 (http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-32975794, accessed 1 August 2015).
- 24.
Interview I4, Kyiv, 26 September 2013.
- 25.
Interview I12, Kyiv, 3 October 2013.
- 26.
Interview I13, Kyiv, 3 October 2013.
- 27.
- 28.
Interview I10, Kyiv, 1 October 2013.
- 29.
Interview I4, Kyiv, 26 September 2013.
- 30.
Interview I10, Kyiv, 1 October 2013.
- 31.
‘European Commission’s Support for Ukraine’, memo 14/279, p. 3.
- 32.
Interview I12, Kyiv, 3 October 2013.
- 33.
Interview I5, Kyiv, 30 September 2013.
- 34.
The same study shows that the refusal rate for Moldova was almost two times higher (6.5% in 2012). However, that did not prevent the EU from following the same policies as with Ukraine.
- 35.
‘European Commission’s Support for Ukraine’, memo 14/279, p. 4.
- 36.
Interview I1, Kyiv, 34 September 2013; I2, Kyiv, 25 September 2013; I7, Kyiv 30 September 2013; I9, Kyiv, 1 October 2013.
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Bátora, J., Navrátil, M. (2016). Extending the EU’s Security Community Amidst Conflict: The Case of Ukraine. In: Rieker, P. (eds) External Governance as Security Community Building. The European Union in International Affairs. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-56169-5_2
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