Abstract
This chapter will discuss the history of Croatia as this has directly influenced and shaped the current youth justice system. The very particular effects of Croatia’s history, which include belonging to other jurisdictions, forming part of a larger socialist state, to its more recent independence, draw out the ways in which our systems are moulded and shaped, and how cultural effects are manifested as well as impacted by political direction and philosophy.
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Notes
- 1.
Census of Population, Households and Dwellings 2011, Croatian Bureau of Statistics, December 2012.
- 2.
- 3.
Defined by the Law on Social Protection of the Socialist Republic of Croatia, Official Gazette, 19/1969; Basic Law on Guardianship Act, Official Gazette, 16/1965; Basic Law on the Relationship between Parents and Children, Official Gazette of the SFRY, 10/1965.
- 4.
Social pedagogy is an approach to caring for children which combines education and care, emphasising that bringing up children is the shared responsibility of parents and society. However, the Croatian practice of social pedagogy has a different concept. Social pedagogy in its focus and interests deals with children and youths who show different risk behaviours, those at risk of developing such behaviour and those with already developed behavioural disorders. In this respect, the term ‘behavioural disorder’ is often equated with juveniles who are considered delinquent.
- 5.
The survey involved judges and public prosecutors who worked on juvenile delinquency cases, experts from the Faculty of Special Education and Rehabilitation, the University of Zagreb and the Institute for Social Work.
- 6.
See the discussion in Chap. 2 regarding the law and order approach, the term frequently used within the English-speaking world.
- 7.
The public prosecutor may decide not to initiate the procedure (Article 63) if the juvenile is, according to his own ability:willing to repair or compensate for the damage done by the offenceready to get involved in the work of humanitarian organizations or activities of ecological or communal interest; ready to undergo treatment for drug or other addictions; ready to engage in individual or group work in the youth counseling center.
- 8.
The interesting fact is that 62 per cent of cases these involved property crimes and 34 per cent involved various forms of violent crime.
- 9.
These include a court reprimand, special obligations, increased care and supervision, increased care and supervision with daily stay in a correctional institution, referral to a disciplinary centre, referral to an educational institution, referral to a reformatory and referral to special correctional institutions.
- 10.
Juvenile imprisonment may be imposed on a senior juvenile for a criminal offence for which the law prescribes a punishment of imprisonment of three years or more when, considering the nature and gravity of the offence and a high degree of guilt, it would not be justified to impose the educational measure but punishment.
- 11.
Compulsory psychiatric treatment, mandatory treatment of addiction, mandatory psychosocial treatment, prohibition of performing certain duties or activities, a ban on driving a motor vehicle, restraining orders, removal from family home, a ban on Internet access and protective supervision by the full execution of the prison sentence. In relation to juvenile offenders, the court may, with the educational measure or juvenile imprisonment, apply the safety measures except it cannot prohibit him to perform his duties (i.e., in home or school or activities (i.e, sport). The security measure of a ban on driving a motor vehicle may be used only for older juveniles. The security measure of mandatory psychiatric treatment and mandatory treatment of addiction lasts until the termination of the reasons why they were applied, but no longer than the imposed juvenile prison sentence.
- 12.
They have to have an inclination towards upbringing, needs and benefits of the youth, as well as to possess a basic knowledge of criminology, social pedagogy and social care.
- 13.
The Law on the Croatian Government (Official Gazette 101/98, 15/2000, 117/2001, 199/2003, 30/2004 and 77/2009).
- 14.
This language is very similar to that used by New Labour in the UK; see Chap. 3.
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Dolezal, D. (2016). Croatia: From Welfare to Responsibility. In: Arnull, E., Fox, D. (eds) Cultural Perspectives on Youth Justice. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-43397-8_4
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