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Semin Thromb Hemost
DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1776910
Review Article

Risk Factors for Antiphospholipid Antibodies and Antiphospholipid Syndrome

Rodrigo Aguirre del-Pino 
1   Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
2   Division of Rheumatology, A Coruña University Hospital (CHUAC), Galicia, Spain
,
Rory C. Monahan
1   Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
3   Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
,
Tom W.J. Huizinga
1   Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
,
Jeroen Eikenboom
4   Division of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
,
Gerda M. Steup-Beekman
1   Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
5   Department of Rheumatology, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, The Netherlands
› Author Affiliations Funding R.A. was funded by the 2022 EULAR Scientific training bursary for young rheumatologists.
› Further Information
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Abstract

Persistence of serum antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) is associated with a high thrombotic risk, both arterial and venous, and with pregnancy complications. Due to the potential morbidity and mortality associated with the presence of aPL, identifying and recognizing risk factors for the development of aPL and thrombosis in aPL carriers may help to prevent and reduce the burden of disease. Multiple elements are involved in the pathomechanism of aPL development and aPL-related thrombosis such as genetics, malignancy, and infections. This review will address the role of both well-known risk factors and their evolution, and of emerging risk factors, including COVID-19, in the development of aPL and thrombosis in aPL carriers.

Keywords

antiphospholipid syndrome - antiphospholipid antibody - thrombosis - risk factor


Publication History

Article published online:
16 January 2024

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