Download PDF
CC BY 4.0 · Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol 2023; 44(02): 207-228
DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1760326
Review Article

Imaging Recommendations for Diagnosis, Staging, and Management of Breast Cancer

Meenakshi Thakur 
1   Department of Radiodiagnosis, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India
2   Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
,
Suma Chakrabarthi
3   Department of Radiodiagnosis, Peerless Hospital and BK Roy Research Centre, Kolkata, India
,
Purvi Haria
1   Department of Radiodiagnosis, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India
2   Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
,
Smriti Hari
4   Department of Radiodiagnosis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi, India
,
Palak Popat
1   Department of Radiodiagnosis, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India
2   Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
,
Aparna Katdare
1   Department of Radiodiagnosis, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India
2   Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
,
Kunal Gala 
1   Department of Radiodiagnosis, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India
2   Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
,
Sonal Chouhan
1   Department of Radiodiagnosis, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India
2   Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
,
Nita Nair
2   Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
5   Department of Surgical Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India
,
Jyoti Bajpai
2   Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
6   Department of Medical Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India
,
Rima Pathak 
2   Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
7   Department of Radiation Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India
,
Tanuja Shet
2   Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
8   Department of Pathology, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India
,
Gauravi Mishra 
2   Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
9   Department of Preventive Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India
,
Sneha Shah
2   Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
10   Department of Bio-Imaging, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India
,
Shalaka Joshi
2   Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
5   Department of Surgical Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India
,
Soujanya Mynalli
1   Department of Radiodiagnosis, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India
2   Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
,
Anne Srikanth
2   Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
6   Department of Medical Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India
,
Suyash Kulkarni
1   Department of Radiodiagnosis, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India
2   Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
› Author Affiliations
› Further Information
   Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

In a rapidly evolving world, with a steep rise in breast cancer incidence, there has been many advances in imaging and therapeutic options of breast cancer care. In this review article, we are trying to cover imaging guideline for cancer detection and their therapeutic options. These help in the reduction of morbidity and mortality.

Keywords

breast cancer - early detection - imaging guidelines


Publication History

Article published online:
04 May 2023

© 2023. The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, permitting unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction so long as the original work is properly cited. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
A-12, 2nd Floor, Sector 2, Noida-201301 UP, India

 

  • References

  • 1 Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL. et al. Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin 2021; 71 (03) 209-249
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Global Cancer Observatory. Accessed March 18, 2022, at: https://gco.iarc.fr/
    Google Scholar
  • 3 Lima SM, Kehm RD, Terry MB. Global breast cancer incidence and mortality trends by region, age-groups, and fertility patterns. EClinicalMedicine 2021; 38: 100985
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Mathur P, Sathishkumar K, Chaturvedi M. et al; ICMR-NCDIR-NCRP Investigator Group. Cancer statistics, 2020: report from National Cancer Registry Programme, India. JCO Glob Oncol 2020; 6 (06) 1063-1075
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Wu S, Zhu W, Thompson P, Hannun YA. Evaluating intrinsic and non-intrinsic cancer risk factors. Nat Commun 2018; 9 (01) 3490
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Cancer Control in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Cancer Control Opportunities in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Cancer Control Opportunity Low-Middle-Income Countries. in: Sloan FA, Gelband H. eds. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2007
    Google Scholar
  • 7 What Are the Risk Factors for Breast Cancer? | CDC. Accessed March 18, 2022, at: https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/breast/basic_info/risk_factors.htm
    Google Scholar
  • 8 Morris KT, Pommier RF, Morris A. et al. Usefulness of the triple test score for palpable breast masses; discussion 1012-3. Arch Surg 2001; 136 (09) 1008-1012
    Google Scholar
  • 9 Hortobagyi GN, Connolly JL, D'Orsi CJ, Yang WT. Breast. in: Amin MB, Edge S, Greene F. et al., eds; American Joint Committee on Cancer 8th ed.. Springer: AJCC cancer staging manual; 2017: 589-636
    Google Scholar
  • 10 AJCC 8th edition staging; 2018, at: Accessed on 12th Jan 2023 http://www.breastsurgeonsweb.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2020/10/AJCC-Breast-Cancer-Staging-System.pdf
  • 11 Mainiero MB, Moy L, Baron P. et al; Expert Panel on Breast Imaging. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Breast Cancer Screening. J Am Coll Radiol 2017; 14 (11S): S383-S390
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Chakrabarthi S, Panwar S, Singh T. et al. Best Practice Guidelines for Breast Imaging, Breast Imaging Society, India. Ann Natl Acad Med Sci 2022; 58 (Suppl. 02) 060-068
    Google Scholar
  • 13 Massat NJ, Dibden A, Parmar D, Cuzick J, Sasieni PD, Duffy SW. Impact of screening on breast cancer mortality: the UK program 20 years on. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2016; 25 (03) 455-462
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Lee CH, Dershaw DD, Kopans D. et al. Breast cancer screening with imaging: recommendations from the Society of Breast Imaging and the ACR on the use of mammography, breast MRI, breast ultrasound, and other technologies for the detection of clinically occult breast cancer. J Am Coll Radiol 2010; 7 (01) 18-27
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Protocols for surveillance of women at very high risk of developing breast cancer - GOV.UK. Accessed March 18, 2022, at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/breast-screening-higher-risk-women-surveillance-protocols/protocols-for-surveillance-of-women-at-higher-risk-of-developing-breast-cancer
  • 16 Mendelson EB. Problem-solving ultrasound. Radiol Clin North Am 2004; 42 (05) 909-918 , vii
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Guidance on screening and symptomatic breast imaging, Fourth edition | The Royal College of Radiologists. Accessed March 18, 2022, at: https://www.rcr.ac.uk/publication/guidance-screening-and-symptomatic-breast-imaging-fourth-edition
    Google Scholar
  • 18 Sharpe Jr RE, Venkataraman S, Phillips J. et al. Increased cancer detection rate and variations in the recall rate resulting from implementation of 3D digital breast tomosynthesis into a population-based screening program. radiology. Radiology 2016; 278 (03) 698-706
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 D'Orsi CJ, Sickles EA, Mendelson EB. et al. ACR BI-RADS Mammography. In: ACR BI-RADS Atlas, Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System. 5th ed.. Reston, VA: American College of Radiology; 2013: 134-136
    Google Scholar
  • 20 Lee S, Jung Y, Bae Y. Synchronous BI-RADS category 3 lesions on preoperative ultrasonography in patients with breast cancer: is short-term follow-up appropriate?. J Breast Cancer 2015; 18 (02) 181-186
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Kim SJ, Ko EY, Shin JH. et al. Application of sonographic BI-RADS to synchronous breast nodules detected in patients with breast cancer. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2008; 191 (03) 653-658
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Indian Council of Medical Research, Government of India. ICMR Subcommittee on Breast Cancer. Consensus document for management of breast cancer, 2016. March 19, 2022, at: http://cancerindia.org.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Breast_Cancer.pdf. - Google Search
    Google Scholar
  • 23 Canadian Association of Radiologists. CAR Practice guidelines and technical standards for breast imaging and intervention. Approved on September 29, 2012; modified on September 17, 2016. Accessed September 2021, at: https://car.ca/wp-content/uploads/Breast-Imaging-and-Intervention-2016.pdf
  • 24 American College of Radiology. ACR practice parameter for the performance of ultrasound-guided percutaneous breast interventional procedures, Revised 2021 (Resolution 31). Accessed March 19, 2022, at: https://www.acr.org/-/media/acr/files/practice-parameters/us-guidedbreast.pdf. – Google Search
  • 25 ACR practice parameter for the performance of magnetic resonance imaging–guided breast interventional procedures, Revised 2021 (Resolution 29). Accessed March 19, 2022, at: https://www.acr.org/-/media/ACR/Files/Practice-Parameters/MR-Guided-Breast.pdf – Google Search
  • 26 Chakrabarthi S. Stereotactic breast biopsy: a review & applicability in the Indian context. Indian J Med Res 2021; 154 (02) 237-247
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Ghaderi KF, Phillips J, Perry H, Lotfi P, Mehta TS. Contrast-enhanced mammography: current applications and future directions. Radiographics 2019; 39 (07) 1907-1920
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Harbeck N, Penault-Llorca F, Cortes J. et al. Breast cancer. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2019; 5 (01) 66
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Taneja S, Evans AJ, Rakha EA, Green AR, Ball G, Ellis IO. The mammographic correlations of a new immunohistochemical classification of invasive breast cancer. Clin Radiol 2008; 63 (11) 1228-1235
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Boisserie-Lacroix M, Hurtevent-Labrot G, Ferron S, Lippa N, Bonnefoi H, Mac Grogan G. Correlation between imaging and molecular classification of breast cancers. Diagn Interv Imaging 2013; 94 (11) 1069-1080
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 The American College of Surgeons. Part IX - Breast, AJCC cancer staging manual, 8th edition, updated May 25 2018. Accessed March 19, 2022, at: http://www.breastsurgeonsweb.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2020/10/AJCC-Breast-Cancer-Staging-System.pdf - Google Search
  • 32 National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Breast Cancer Version 4.2022 — June 21, 2022. Accessed November 10, 2022, at: https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/breast.pdf
  • 33 National Cancer Grid. India. National Cancer Grid Breast Cancer Management Guidelines, September, 2019. Accessed March 19, 2022, at: https://tmc.gov.in/ncg/docs/PDF/DraftGuidelines/Breast/NCG_guidelines_2019_Breast.pdf - Google Search
  • 34 Algorithm for Breast Imaging - Breast Imaging Society. India. Accessed March 19, 2022, at: https://www.bisi.co.in/guidelines/algorithm-for-breast-imaging/
  • 35 Kalli S, Semine A, Cohen S, Naber SP, Makim SS, Bahl M. American Joint Committee on Cancer's Staging System for breast cancer, eighth edition: what the radiologist needs to know. Radiographics 2018; 38 (07) 1921-1933
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Teichgraeber DC, Guirguis MS, Whitman GJ. Breast cancer staging: Updates in the AJCC cancer staging manual, 8th edition, and current challenges for radiologists, from the AJR special series on cancer staging. Am J Roentgenol 2021; 217 (02) 278-290
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Chang JM, Leung JWT, Moy L, Ha SM, Moon WK. Axillary nodal evaluation in breast cancer: state of the art. Radiology 2020; 295 (03) 500-515
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 van Nijnatten TJA, Jochelson MS, Lobbes MBI. Axillary lymph node characteristics in breast cancer patients versus post-COVID-19 vaccination: overview of current evidence per imaging modality. Eur J Radiol 2022; 152: 110334
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Pesapane F, Downey K, Rotili A, Cassano E, Koh D-M. Imaging diagnosis of metastatic breast cancer. Insights Imaging 2020; 11 (01) 79
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Barra FR, Sobrinho AB, Barra RR. et al. Contrast-enhanced mammography (CEM) for detecting residual disease after neoadjuvant chemotherapy: a comparison with breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). BioMed Res Int 2018; 2018: 8531916
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Holmes D, Colfry A, Czerniecki B. et al. Performance and practice guideline for the use of neoadjuvant systemic therapy in the management of breast cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2015; 22 (10) 3184-3190
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Fowler AM, Mankoff DA, Joe BN. Imaging neoadjuvant therapy response in breast cancer. Radiology 2017; 285 (02) 358-375
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Riedl CC, Pinker K, Ulaner GA. et al. Comparison of FDG-PET/CT and contrast-enhanced CT for monitoring therapy response in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2017; 44 (09) 1428-1437
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Dose Schwarz J, Bader M, Jenicke L, Hemminger G, Jänicke F, Avril N. Early prediction of response to chemotherapy in metastatic breast cancer using sequential 18F-FDG PET. J Nucl Med 2005; 46 (07) 1144-1150
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Janssen NNY, Nijkamp J, Alderliesten T. et al. Radioactive seed localization in breast cancer treatment. Br J Surg 2016; 103 (01) 70-80
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 Garzotto F, Comoretto RI, Michieletto S. et al. Preoperative non-palpable breast lesion localization, innovative techniques and clinical outcomes in surgical practice: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Breast 2021; 58: 93-105
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Flowers CI, Mooney BP, Drukteinis JS. Clinical and imaging surveillance following breast cancer diagnosis. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2012; •••: 59-64
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 48 Brennan S, Liberman L, Dershaw DD, Morris E. Breast MRI screening of women with a personal history of breast cancer. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2010; 195 (02) 510-516
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 49 Kerridge WD, Kryvenko ON, Thompson A, Shah BA. Fat necrosis of the breast: a pictorial review of the mammographic, ultrasound, CT, and MRI findings with histopathologic correlation. Radiol Res Pract 2015; 2015: 613139
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 50 Schrijver WAME, Suijkerbuijk KPM, van Gils CH, van der Wall E, Moelans CB, van Diest PJ. Receptor conversion in distant breast cancer metastases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst 2018; 110 (06) 568-580
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 51 Golan O, Amitai Y, Barnea Y, Menes TS. Yield of surveillance magnetic resonance imaging after bilateral mastectomy and reconstruction: a retrospective cohort study. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2019; 174 (02) 463-468
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 52 Osei EK, Faulkner K. Fetal doses from radiological examinations. Br J Radiol 1999; 72 (860) 773-780
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 53 Sechopoulos I, Suryanarayanan S, Vedantham S, D'Orsi CJ, Karellas A. Radiation dose to organs and tissues from mammography: Monte Carlo and phantom study. Radiology 2008; 246 (02) 434-443
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 54 Committee Opinion No. Committee opinion no. 723: guidelines for diagnostic imaging during pregnancy and lactation. Obstet Gynecol 2017; 130 (04) e210-e216
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 55 Özmen V. Paradigm shift from Halstedian radical mastectomy to personalized medicine. J Breast Health 2017; 13 (02) 50-53
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 56 Parmar V, Koppiker CB, Dixit S. Breast conservation surgery & oncoplasty in India – current scenario. Indian J Med Res 2021; 154 (02) 221-228
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 57 Berruti A, Amoroso V, Gallo F. et al. Pathologic complete response as a potential surrogate for the clinical outcome in patients with breast cancer after neoadjuvant therapy: a meta-regression of 29 randomized prospective studies. J Clin Oncol 2014; 32 (34) 3883-3891
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 58 Burstein HJ, Lacchetti C, Anderson H. et al. Adjuvant endocrine therapy for women with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer: ASCO clinical practice guideline focused update. J Clin Oncol 2019; 37 (05) 423-438
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 59 Schmid P, Cortes J, Pusztai L. et al; KEYNOTE-522 Investigators. Pembrolizumab for early triple-negative breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2020; 382 (09) 810-821
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 60 Emens LA, Adams S, Barrios CH. et al. First-line atezolizumab plus nab-paclitaxel for unresectable, locally advanced, or metastatic triple-negative breast cancer: IMpassion130 final overall survival analysis. Ann Oncol 2021; 32 (08) 983-993
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 61 Masuda N, Lee S-J, Ohtani S. et al. Adjuvant capecitabine for breast cancer after preoperative chemotherapy. N Engl J Med 2017; 376: 2147-2159
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 62 Abraham G, Noronha V, Rajappa S. et al. The clinical utility and safety of short-course immune checkpoint inhibitors in multiple tumours-A real-world multicentric study from India. Int J Cancer 2022; 150 (06) 1045-1052
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 63 Bajpai J, Ventrapati P, Joshi S. et al. Unique challenges and outcomes of young women with breast cancers from a tertiary care cancer centre in India. Breast 2021; 60: 177-184
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 64 Bajpai J, Simha V, Shylasree TS. et al. Pregnancy associated breast cancer (PABC): Report from a gestational cancer registry from a tertiary cancer care centre, India. Breast 2021; 56: 88-95
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 65 Bajpai J, Kagwade S, Chandrasekharan A. et al. “Randomised controlled trial of scalp cooling for the prevention of chemotherapy induced alopecia”. Breast 2020; 49: 187-193
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 66 Darby S, McGale P, Correa C. et al; Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group (EBCTCG). Effect of radiotherapy after breast-conserving surgery on 10-year recurrence and 15-year breast cancer death: meta-analysis of individual patient data for 10,801 women in 17 randomised trials. Lancet 2011; 378 (9804): 1707-1716
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 67 Clarke M, Collins R, Darby S. et al; Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group (EBCTCG). Effects of radiotherapy and of differences in the extent of surgery for early breast cancer on local recurrence and 15-year survival: an overview of the randomised trials. Lancet 2005; 366 (9503): 2087-2106
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 68 Bartelink H, Horiot JC, Poortmans PM. et al. Impact of a higher radiation dose on local control and survival in breast-conserving therapy of early breast cancer: 10-year results of the randomized boost versus no boost EORTC 22881-10882 trial. J Clin Oncol 2007; 25 (22) 3259-3265
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 69 Polgár C, Major T, Fodor J. et al. Accelerated partial-breast irradiation using high-dose-rate interstitial brachytherapy: 12-year update of a prospective clinical study. Radiother Oncol 2010; 94 (03) 274-279
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 70 Meattini I, Marrazzo L, Saieva C. et al. Accelerated partial-breast irradiation compared with whole-breast irradiation for early breast cancer: long-term results of the randomized phase III APBI-IMRT-Florence trial. J Clin Oncol 2020; 38 (35) 4175-4183
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 71 Bertrand AS, Iannessi A, Natale R. et al. Focused ultrasound for the treatment of bone metastases: effectiveness and feasibility. J Ther Ultrasound 2018; 6 (01) 8
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 72 Tuncali K, Morrison PR, Winalski CS. et al. MRI-guided percutaneous cryotherapy for soft-tissue and bone metastases: initial experience. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2007; 189 (01) 232-239
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 73 Wallace AN, Greenwood TJ, Jennings JW. Use of imaging in the management of metastatic spine disease with percutaneous ablation and vertebral augmentation. AJR AM J Roentgenol 2015; 205 (02) 434-441
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar