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Horm Metab Res 2015; 47(10): 702-710
DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1548832
Review

The Pathogenesis of Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis: Further Developments in our Understanding

R. A. Ajjan
1   Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
,
A. P. Weetman
2   Department of Human Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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Abstract

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) is part of a spectrum of thyroid autoimmune conditions and this review provides an update on the latest developments in the field. HT has a genetic predisposition with a number of immune-related and thyroid-specific genes conferring disease susceptibility. However, disentangling genes with protective and predisposing effect is a complex process that requires further work. The recent increase in the incidence of HT implicates environmental factors in disease pathogenesis including improved hygiene, increased dietary iodine intake, new treatment modalities and chemical agents. Additional unmodifiable predisposing factors include stress, climate, age and gender. Both cellular and humoral immunity play a role in HT pathogenesis. Defects in T regulatory cells and increased activation of follicular helper T cells may have a role in disease initiation/perpetuation. Infiltrating lymphocytes can be directly cytotoxic to thyroid follicular cells (TFC) or may affect cell viability/function indirectly through cytokine production, which alters TFC integrity and modulates their metabolic and immune function. Thyroid peroxidase and thyroglobulin antibodies are present in the majority of HT patients and help with management decisions. Antibodies against the sodium iodide symporter and pendrin are present in a minority with little known about their clinical relevance. In addition to immune cells, recent work has identified DNA fragments, generated following cell death, and micro RNA as potential factors in HT pathogenesis. Despite the large number of studies, the mechanistic pathways in HT are still not fully understood and further work is required to enhance our knowledge and identify novel preventative and therapeutic clinical targets.

Key words

autoimmune hypothyroidism - immunogenetics - environmental factors - immunopathogenesis - thyroid autoantibodies


Publication History

Received: 03 February 2015

Accepted: 04 March 2015

Article published online:
16 April 2015

Georg Thieme Verlag
Rüdigerstraße 14, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany

 

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