Management von Viszeralarterienaneurysmen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Organperfusion – Erfahrungen über mehr als 20 Jahre

 

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Zusammenfassung

Einleitung Viszeralarterienaneurysmen (VAA) sind selten und werden meist als Zufallsbefund entdeckt. Die Indikation zur Behandlung besteht bei symptomatischen Patienten, Pseudoaneurysmen sowie bei asymptomatischen Patienten bei einer Größe von mehr als 2,5 cm (Viszeralarterienaneurysmen) bzw. mehr als 3 cm (Nierenarterienaneurysmen), bei Schwangeren und vor einer Lebertransplantation. Neben der erfolgreichen, operativen oder endovaskulären Ausschaltung des Aneurysmas ist der Erhalt der Organperfusion wichtig. Die folgende Arbeit stellt das Management von Viszeralarterienaneurysmen und die Erfahrungen über einen Zeitraum von mehr als 20 Jahren dar und zeigt einen Behandlungsalgorithmus auf.

Patienten Zwischen 1995 und 2018 wurden am Universitätsklinikum Regensburg 179 VAA diagnostiziert (84 Männer, 95 Frauen, medianes Alter 62 (18 – 87) Jahre). 113-mal (63%) lag ein Milzarterien-, 21- bzw. 22-mal (je 12%) ein Nieren- und Leberarterienaneurysma vor. 14-mal (8%) fand sich ein Aneurysma der gastropankreatikoduodenalen Arkade, 9-mal (5%) der A. mesenterica superior/inferior. 110 (62%) Patienten wurden bei fehlender Behandlungsindikation nachbeobachtet, 34 (19%) offen und 35 (19%) endovaskulär behandelt. Bei allen wurde präoperativ eine Bildgebung, meist mit CT-Angiografie durchgeführt.

Ergebnisse Von den 69 therapierten Patienten mit VAA wurden 51 (74%) elektiv und 18 (26%) notfallmäßig wegen Blutung behandelt. 16 Notfallpatienten wurden endovaskulär, 2 offen chirurgisch behandelt. Postoperativ fand sich 2-mal eine partielle Minderdurchblutung der Leber, die folgenlos blieb. Einmal musste Dünndarm teilreseziert werden. 32/51 (63%) elektive VAA wurden offen, 19/51 (37%) endovaskulär therapiert. Leber und Darm blieben bei beiden Verfahren intakt. Bei den 21 Milz- und Nierenarterienaneurysmen wurde operativ 4-mal die Milz, 1-mal die Niere komplett entfernt, zusätzlich fanden sich postoperativ 3 Nierenteilinfarkte (gesamt 8/21 [38%]). Postinterventionell zeigte sich bei den 14 Milz- und Nierenarterienaneurysmen 2-mal ein Milz- und 3-mal ein Nierenteilinfarkt, 2-mal wurde die Milz später entfernt (gesamt 7/14 [50%]). Zum Nachweis der Organperfusion wurde die CT-Angiografie, vor allem aber der Kontrastmittelultraschall (CEUS) durchgeführt.

Schlussfolgerung Bei Blutung und Pseudoaneurysmen ist die endovaskuläre Therapie das Vorgehen der ersten Wahl. Bei elektiven Eingriffen spielt die sorgfältige Planung im Hinblick auf die technische Machbarkeit der Aneurysmaausschaltung, aber auch der Erhalt der Organperfusion, vor allem bei Milz- und Nierenarterienaneurysmen, eine entscheidende Rolle. Eine bildgebende Nachsorge, vorzugsweise mit Ultraschall, wird dringend empfohlen. Vor bzw. nach Splenektomie oder bei funktioneller Asplenie sind entsprechende Impfungen vorgeschrieben.

Abstract

Background Visceral artery aneurysms (VAA) are rare and often incidental findings. Indications for treatment are symptomatic patients, pseudoaneurysms and a true aneurysm of diameter of ≥ 2.5 cm for mesenteric arteries and ≥ 3 cm for renal artery aneurysms. Pregnancy and liver transplantation play an important role in aneurysm rupture. Technical success after open or endovascular procedure and maintenance of organ perfusion are crucial. The aim of this review is to evaluate our data and experience of more than 20 years and to develop a strategy to deal with visceral artery aneurysm in elective and emergency cases.

Patients Between 1995 and 2018, 179 patients (84 males, 95 females, median age 62 [18 – 87] years) were diagnosed with VAA at the Regensburg University Hospital. The site of aneurysm was the splenic artery in 113 (63%) patients (pts), hepatic and renal arteries in 22 and 21 pts (12% each), and gastropancreaticoduodenal artery in 14 (8%) and superior/inferior mesenteric artery in 9 (5%) cases. Surveillance without intervention occurred in 110 (62%) pts, and 34 (19%) pts underwent open and 35 (19%) endovascular repair. In all patients, preoperative imaging was performed, preferably by computed tomography angiography (CTA).

Results A total of 69 patients underwent open or endovascular repair. 51 (74%) pts were treated electively, 18 (26%) pts presented urgently with acute bleeding. 16 emergency pts received endovascular treatment, and in 2 pts open surgery was performed. After emergency treatment, two pts exhibited segmental liver malperfusion without consequences. In one case, segmental bowel resection was necessary. 32/51 (63%) patients were treated electively by open surgery, 19/51 (37%) by endovascular procedures. There were no liver or bowel infarctions. Four splenectomies and one unilateral nephrectomy were necessary in patients with splenic or renal artery aneurysms. Moreover, three partial renal infarctions were noticed postoperatively (overall 8/21 [38%]). After endovascular repair of splenic or renal artery aneurysms, two cases of splenic and three cases of renal segmental infarction were observed. Splenectomy had to be performed twice (overall 7/14 [50%]). Organ perfusion was monitored by CTA, and preferentially by contrast enhanced ultrasound.

Conclusion The endovascular approach is the preferred option in an emergency to control bleeding in pseudoaneurysms. Patients for elective splenic or renal artery aneurysm repair have to be evaluated very carefully to achieve technical success with occlusion of the aneurysm and excellent organ perfusion. Imaging techniques such as ultrasound, especially CEUS, are strongly recommended in postoperative follow-up. Partial or complete splenic infarction leads to vaccination.

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