Pilze im Darm – das Mykobiom des Darms

 

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Zusammenfassung

Viele verschiedene Pilzarten, und zwar Sprosspilze wie auch Schimmelpilze, kommen in Darm eines gesunden Menschen vor und bilden das Mykobiom. Bei Störung der bakteriellen Flora kann sich gegenläufig auch die Pilzflora ändern. Mittels „Pilzdiät“ lässt sich die Zusammensetzung nicht ändern. Einige der Pilze sind vermutlich nur passager nach Nahrungsaufnahme im Darm. Andere dagegen, wie Candida, Saccharomyces, Rhodotorula, Trichosporon, Geotrichum u.v. a.m., gehören zur residenten, autochthonen Flora des Darms. Einerseits haben solche Pilze im Darm durchaus Nutzen, indem sie verwertbare Stoffe herstellen. Rhodotorula z. B. kann Fettstoffe und Carotinoide bilden. Andere können Toxine, z. B. Mykotoxine und prokarzinogene Stoffe, in der Nahrung degradieren. Toxine sowie pathogene Bakterien können von Mannanen der Oberfläche von Pilzen festgehalten und so abtransportiert werden. Auch probiotische Wirkung zur Regulierung der Bakterienflora wird einigen Pilzen zugetraut. Bestimmte Pilzbestandteile, wie etwa Glukane, können das Immunsystem stimulieren. Manche Pilze können den Darm nicht nur asymptomatisch kolonisieren sondern bei bestimmten Situationen, wenn z. B. die Bakterienflora gestört ist, auch nachteilig sein, indem sie entweder mithilfe ihrer Virulenzfaktoren eine Schädigung der Schleimhautepithelien bedingen oder sogar in die Mukosa eindringen und Entzündungen hervorrufen bzw. bei bereits chronisch entzündlichen Prozessen diese verstärken. Pilze können bei der Entstehung von Obesitas mitwirken. Außerdem besteht die Möglichkeit, dass Pilze im Darm ein Reservoir finden, von dem aus sie sich bei günstiger Gelegenheit in andere Körperregionen ausbreiten können.

Abstract

Many different fungi, including yeasts and molds, can be found in the intestinal tract of humans constituting the gut mycobiome. In case the bacterial flora is altered, the fungal flora may react inversely. By a so-called fungal diet, however, the composition of the mycobiome can hardly be influenced. Whereas some fungi are only transiently present in the gut after oral uptake, others, such as Candida, Saccharomyces, Rhodotorula, Trichosporon, Geotrichum, amongst others, are members of the residential, autochthonous gut flora. Some of these fungi exert beneficial effects, for example by synthesizing useful materials. Rhodotorula can produce fatty acids and carotenoids. Others are able to metabolize toxic compounds, for example mycotoxins as well as procarcinogenic items in food. Toxins, as well as pathogenic bacteria, can be bound to mannans on the surface of fungi und can consequently be exported. Some fungi are said to exert probiotic activities. Certain fungal constituents, such as glucans, may even stimulate the immune system. On the other hand, some fungi cannot only colonize the gut asymptomatically but can also be noxious under certain conditions when, for example, the bacterial flora is disturbed. By means of their virulence factors, they can damage the gut epithelium and even penetrate into the Mukosa inducing inflammation, They can also aggravate chronic inflammatory processes. Fungi play a role in the development of obesity. Lastly, fungi in the gut represent a reservoir from which they may spread to other sites when the conditions are favorable.

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