Risks of a town-forming enterprise in the risk system of a company town

. The article is devoted to review of risks of a town-forming enterprise in the risk system of the company town counterparties (infrastructure, population, small and medium business, local self-government authorities). It contains an algorithm of stepwise study of risks of a town-forming enterprise from the perspective of their interconnection with the risk system of the company town counterparties. Approbation of theoretical and methodical provisions by the example of town-forming enterprise Asha Metallurgical Plant OJSC, Asha, Chelyabinsk region, with the help of the graph theory allowed to analyze interconnections and dependence of risks of the town-forming enterprise and to make a conclusion on its negative role in creation of a crisis situation in the economy of the company town. The article is completed with a complex of lines for neutralization of risks of AMP OJSC: TFE’s infrastructural and technological risk management; personnel risk management policy; mitigation of consumer, product and supply risks; competitive struggle risk management and advertising risk management.


Introduction
A special form of the settlement and production system is company towns, which town-forming basis is laid by one or few industrial enterprises.
Town-forming enterprises (TFE) are legal entities, in which the number of employees comprises no less than 25 % of the economically active population of a revenant settlement [1].
Currently there are about 319 Russian towns with single-industry production [2], their territory is occupied by 25 % of the urban population, and the aggregate gross regional product comprises 40 % of the GRP of the RF regions [3, p. 141].
Vitality of the research is connected with the fact that a town-forming enterprise by virtue of its monopoly position has a considerable influence on all the counterparties of the monotown: it determines the level of household income and well-being of the population, influences social and technical infrastructure, limits the value of the demand for products of small business and local industry, influences the income basis of the local budget. Besides, domination of one focused enterprise considerably strengthens vulnerability of the monotown and makes it a "hostage" of the global market situation.

Overview of economic references
Problems of the general theory of risks (scientific works of Vishnyakov Ya. D, Radaev N.N. [4]), as well the theory of uncertainty and risks of industrial enterprises (works of 0F&DUWK\ 03 )O\QQ 73 >@ %XUNRY 91 .LUHHYD ȿȺ >@ .OHLQHU *% 7DPERYWVHY 9/ .DFKDORY 5Ɇ >@ have been rather widely studied in the economic literature.
Problems on functioning of TFEs of company towns in the part of studying development trends in the crisis conditions, as well as their recovery ability have been VWXGLHG LQ WKH ZRUNV RI VXFK HFRQRPLVWV DV 7ULIRQRY 9Ⱥ LobaQRY ɆɆ >@ .OHLQHU *% >@ 5\DNKRYVND\D Ⱥ1 .RYDQ 6ȿ .U\XNRYD Ɉ* >@ 7XUJHO ,' >@ .RNK ,Ⱥ >@ /\XERYQ\ 9<D >@ It is also worth noticing methodical approaches to study of TFEs and monotowns, among which most interesting are guidelines on preparation and implementation of complex investment plans of company town development [14].

Theory and methodology of analysis of risk dependence of a town-forming enterprise
The task of the article is studying of risks of a town-forming enterprise in the part of their interconnection and dependence on the system of internal and external risks of a company town for development of proposals on their neutralization.
Risk (risqué (French)) is literally defined as a cliff, a rock [15, p. 616]. In the economical literature risk is defined as potential occurrence of events with negative consequences as a result of certain decisions or actions [16, S @ ,Q WKH WKHRU\ RI ULVNV WKH QRWLRQV RI IDFWRU FDXVH type of risks and type of losses (damage) are differentiated > S@ The algorithm of solving of the set task consists of the following stages: analysis of risks of individual monotown counterparties (TFE, population, infrastructure, small and medium business, local self-government authorities) with identification of risk factors, probability of occurrence and damage; ranging of risks by the monotown components; analysis of interdependence of TFE's risks on the risk system of the town counterparties and building of causeand-effect links with the help of the graph theory; development of a complex of measures aimed at neutralization of risks of a town-forming enterprise.

Risks of monotown counterparties
This procedure has been approved by the example of analysis of the situation in monotown Asha of Chelyabinsk region in 2010, which forming enterprise is Asha Metallurgical Plant OJSC (AMP OJSC). Initially we conducted expert analysis, which allowed to identify most typical risks of the monotown counterparties: risks of AMP OJSC (infrastructural; technological; personnel; consumer; product risks; as well as risks connected with owners); risks of population (risks of labor power migration; risks of population's paying capacity; risks of reduction of living standards and human capital assets); risks of infrastructure (depreciation; expiration of the life cycle of infrastructural elements; lack of capacity / availability of infrastructure; influence of external natural and man-made factors; lack of financing; title to infrastructure); risks of local industry and small business (infrastructural; social and consumer); risks of local self-government authorities (political and credit risks; risks of volatility of outgoing payments and volatility of collected taxes; risks of undistributed liabilities).
Then, we ranged the risks by the monotown components, when the range of each of them is determined as a product of the average weighted (by the degree of influence) probability of activation of each factor by the average weighted damage assessment, as a result of which we obtained "the rose of risks" by the monotown components ( fig. 1).   Fig. 1. "Rose of risks" by the monotown components. and infrastructural risks (range 2,16) have the maximum negative influence on the activity of Asha.

Dependence of risks of a townforming enterprise
At the next stage we studied interconnections and dependence of TFE's risks on risks on other town counterparties with the help of the graph WKHRU\ > 20]. Table 1 contains a system of risks of AMP OJSC in the monotown risk system and their interconnections.
In figure 2 external, internal and external-internal risks are shown as points, and the system of interconnection and interdependence of risks -as arcs, wherein a high degree of interconnection is marked with a thick line. We can make the following conclusions of the conducted analysis of risk dependence.
Firstly, risks of the town-forming enterprise and infrastructure are most vulnerable for a company WRZQ 7KXV RXW RI W\SHV RI ULVNV DUH LQKHUHQW RI AMP OJSC and 4 -of the technical infrastructure.
Secondly, the main types of risks for the townforming enterprise are: competitive struggle risk, consumer risks, personnel risks, and for infrastructure -depreciation, expiration of the life cycle of infrastructural elements, lack of capacity / availability of infrastructure.
Thirdly, AMP OJSC is characterized both by internal (advertising risk; risk connected with the distribution system; product risk; personnel risks) and external-internal and external risks (supply risks; competitive struggle risk; consumer risks and infrastructural risks). Technical infrastructure is basically characterized by risks internal in relation to the town, which is quite explainable, whereas infrastructure is a tertiary sector for the town counterparties.
Fourthly, town-forming enterprises are a rather unstable form of enterprises, whereas they are characterized by a high degree of field specialization and a low level of field diversification, which makes them rather dependable on the global economic situation. In modern conditions this situation is aggravated by the global crisis and metal price collapse tendencies.

Conclusion
Thus, practical value of the research is that it allows to identify most typical risks characteristic of Asha Metallurgical Plant OJSC and to develop lines for their neutralization. The most important lines include: 1) TFE's infrastructural risk management by means of: elimination of failures in operation of the logistical infrastructure (failures in transport operation, problems with availability of storage areas, etc.); search of new partners or specialists able to ensure support service; 2) Technological (production) risk management on account of: motivation of operational personnel; increase of the product quality control level; upgrade of the production management quality; 3) Personnel risk management aimed at nonadmission of dismissal of qualified personnel; 4) Consumer risk management, for which purpose we need: availability of information on the market condition; marketing analysis of the market and stimulation of product demand; increase of marketing allocations; 5) Product risk management on account of: improvement of consumer and functional product properties, increase of awareness; improvement of pricing; 6) Supply risk management aimed at increase of the materials quality control level and improvement of acquisition planning; &RPSHWLWLYH VWUXJJOH ULVN PDQDJHPHQW E\ LQFUHDVH of awareness on the market condition, its competitors and new players; 0DQDJHPHQW RI ULVNV FRQQHFWHG ZLWK WKH distribution system and availability of sales partners; 9) Advertising risk management on account of: bringing of the product information to the knowledge of potential buyers and improvement of advertising financing.
Thus, system risk management of a town-forming enterprise built on a periodic basis and in the mode of continuous monitoring of external and internal risks will allow to ensure compensation of its risks, balanced state of the company town and improvement of the population's well-being in conditions of an extremely unstable global market situation.