Review on monitoring of water quality of the Jakarta Bay, Indonesia

. Jakarta Bay is located in the north of Jakarta City and is potentially polluted by hazardous chemical substances. Monitoring of water quality in this bay was carried out in March (west monsoon) and August (east monsoon) by the government of Jakarta. This monitor aims to know the quality of Jakarta Bay and the importance of marine organisms, recreation and port area importance. The water sample is taken by using a water sampler in 19 stations. Water quality parameters collected were temperature, acidity (pH), dissolved oxygen (DO), salinity, transparency, turbidity, phosphate, nitrate and heavy metals mercury (Hg), Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Nickel (Ni), As, and Chromium (Cr), and we compare the data with seawater quality standards stated by Ministry of Environment of Indonesia. We determined the status of water quality using the Storet method. The results showed that, generally, the water quality in this water was insufficient to support the life of the marine organisms, recreation, and port area. According to the analysis of water quality status, this water was included in the C category (moderately polluted).


Introduction
Jakarta Bay, located in the northern part of the Jakarta Province, has the potential for aquatic resources and environmental services.These bay waters are included in the coastal waters category and have potential for aquatic resources, including mangrove ecosystems, seagrass, coral reefs and marine biota.The environmental services include the industrial sector, trade, transportation, tourism, population and supporting facilities such as ports [1].Jakarta Bay is also an estuary of 13 rivers that pass through densely populated settlements and industrial areas in Bogor, Depok, and Jakarta Bay areas, classified as water areas that receive input from many regions.Several rivers are associated with the Jakarta Bay, such as Cengakreng Drain, Mookervart, Angke, Pesanggarahan, Grogol, Krukut, Baru Barat, Ciliwung, Kali Baru, Kali Cipinang, Sunter, Buaran, Jati Kramat, Cakung, Banjir Kanal Timur and Cakung Drain (Fig. 1) Currently, the environmental conditions in the waters of Jakarta Bay are increasingly critical due to high anthropogenic activities around the Bay.Various anthropogenic activities resulted in a decrease in water quality due to the increasing input of waste, both household and industrial waste [1].The entry of garbage into Jakarta Bay through rivers or directly discharged into the bay can cause contamination of sea waters and disruption of biota and the ecosystem as a whole [3].Thirteen rivers that empty into the bay of Jakarta (Source: [2] The seawater quality of Jakarta Bay is greatly influenced by the river water quality, which originates from Tangerang, Bogor, Bekasi, and Purwakarta, including the headwaters of each river.In principle, the rivers within Jakarta are dominated for disposal of liquid, plastic and other solid waste.However, some can still be used by the community, especially as raw materials for human needs, such as drinking water, agriculture, fisheries and industry.During the rainy season, when the water discharge increases, the pollutant concentration decreases due to the dilution (dilution) process.Meanwhile, during the dry season, when the water discharge drops drastically, there is an increase in pollutant concentrations.Based on this, it is necessary to periodically monitor water quality by looking at the seasonal periods (west and east) in sea waters.The results are expected to provide input to interested parties in managing and utilising the waters of Jakarta Bay.

Study sites
This research was conducted by the Regional Government of DKI Jakarta in Jakarta Bay to monitor seawater quality.This research was conducted in March and August 2021.These two months are considered to represent the western and eastern seasons.Water samples were taken at nineteen research stations (Fig 1).

Fig 2. Map of Station Sampling
Determination of station positions was done by purposive sampling by the research objectives using GPS.

Data analysis
Data analysis is secondary data collected from the final report on seawater and estuary of Jakarta Bay 2021 [2] and other sources.Data contain physical and chemical parameters: temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, phosphate, nitrate, acidity (pH), turbidity, transparency, and heavy metals Hg, Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, As, Cr, and Ni.All parameters were analysed at the Environmental Productivity Laboratory of the Department of MSP-IPB university using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS), spectrophotometer UV following the APHA methods [2], while temperature, salinity, acidity (pH), dissolved oxygen (DO), turbidity, transparency was analyzed using thermometer, salinometer, pH meter, DO meter, turbidimeter and Secchi disk (in situ).The data were analyzed descriptively by comparing them with the criteria set by the seawater quality standards, and the water quality status was determined using the Stored method [4]  Determination of the status of water quality is based on an analysis of physical and chemical.Water quality is assessed based on the provisions of the stored system, which classifies water quality into four classes, namely: 1) Class A: very good, score = 0 (meets the quality standard), 2) Class B: reasonable, score = -1 to -10 (lightly polluted).3) Class C: moderate, score = -11 to -30 (moderately polluted), 4) Class D: bad, score > -31 (heavily polluted) (Table 1).Correlation between parameters is determined by using Pearson Correlation (SPSS 19).

Results
The results of measurements of the physical and chemical properties of seawater of the Seribu Islands are presented in Tables 2 and 3. From the table, it can be seen that in March (West monsoon) and August (East monsoon), the condition of all parameters was relatively different; this may be caused by the difference in the month of observation and also the difference in the location of the stations as well as the weather conditions at the time of sampling at each station.

Temperature
The temperature in March ranged from 29.0-30.6 o C with an average of 29.97 o C, and in August, from 29.0-30.6 o C with an average of 29.97 o C (Table 2).The temperatures in these periods of monitoring did not differ.This can be caused by differences in the location of the research station and differences in weather conditions at the time of sampling.This temperature is still set by seawater quality standards [4] for the benefit of marine biota, namely 28-30 o C for coral and seagrass and 28-32 o C for mangroves, while for nautical tourism and ports are natural temperatures.Compared to the previous study, this temperature was still by seawater temperatures commonly found in Jakarta Bay.[5] reported the temperature in the surface layer in Jakarta Bay during 1996-2011, in the western monsoon (December, January, February) ranged from 28.50-31.04o C, in the west-east transition monsoon (March, April, and May) from 29.96-31.12o C, in the eastern monsoon (June, July, August) from 29.12-29.97o C, and in the east-west transitional monsoon (September, October, November) from 29.77 C-31.04 o C. [6] reported, the temperature in the western monsoon (December, January, February) in Jakarta Bay ranged from 29,232-29,432 o C with an average 29,312 o C, in the west-east transition monsoon (March, April, May) from 29,897-30,093 o C with a middle 29,992 o C, in the eastern monsoon from 28,004-28,892 o C with a moderate 28,528 o C and in the east-west transitional monsoon (September, October, November) from 28,737-29,233 o C with a median 28,881 o C. Furthermore, [7] reported the temperature in the western monsoon ranged from 28.5-30.0o C, west-east transitional monsoon from 29.5-30.7 o C, eastern monsoon from 28.5-31.0o C, and east-west transitional monsoon from 28.5-31.0o C. [8] stated that the average sea surface temperature ranged from 20-30°C.

Salinity
Salinity in March ranges from 30.00-31.90 ‰ with an average of 30.63 ‰, and in August it goes from 30.00-31.90 ‰ with an average of 30.63 ‰ (Table 2).The salinity in these two periods was not different.The salinity in this study is also the same as the salinity in previous studies.This salinity is still the salinity set by seawater quality standards [4] for marine biota namely natural salinity, for coral 33-34 ‰, mangrove maximal salinity 34 ‰, and seagrass 33-34‰, while for tourism and ports are natural salinity.This salinity was also not too different from that found in Jakarta Bay in a previous study.[5] reported the salinity during 1996-2011 in Jakarta Bay in the western monsoon (December, January, February) ranged from 27 -32 ‰, in the east-west transitional monsoon (March, April, May), from 22.0-30.5 ‰, in the eastern monsoon (June, July, August) from 30.9-32.8 ‰, and in the east-west transitional monsoon (September, October, November) from 25.0 monsoon in Jakarta Bay ranges from 32,325-32,899 ‰ with an average of 32,544 ‰ during the west-to-east transition season between 32,231-32,391 ‰ with an average of 32,345 ‰, in the eastern monsoon from 32,789-33,168 ‰ with an average of 32,948 ‰ and the east to west transition monsoon from 33,679-34,239 ‰ with an average of 33,901 ‰.Furthermore, [9] reported that the salinity in July 2012 in Jakarta Bay ranged from 30.4 to 32.1 ‰, and [10] reported that in August-December 2017, salinity in Jakarta Bay ranged from 29.3-30.8‰. [11] in June-December 1996 from 30.4 to 33.4 ‰.

Acidity (pH)
pH value in March ranged from 7.83-8.18with an average of 8.02; in August, it went from 7.83-8.18with an average of 8.02 (Table 2).pH values in the two months of observation were relatively the same.This pH is still following the pH set by seawater quality standards.
[4] for the benefit of marine biota, marine tourism, and ports, namely 7-8.5, 6.5-8.5, and 6.5-8.5, respectively.The pH of the results of this study is still following the results of previous studies in Jakarta Bay, [5] reported the pH value of sea surface water in Jakarta Bay during 1996-2011, in the western monsoon (December, January, February), pH ranged from 7.11-8.19,during the west-east transition monsoon, (March, April, May) ranged from 7.30-8.28,during the eastern monsoon (June, July, August) from 7.80-8.20,during the transitional monsoon, (September, October, November) from 7.86-8.35.[10] His August to December 2017 rese arch reported that pH levels in Jakarta Bay ranged from 8.4 to 8.9.[11] in June-December 1996 from 7.7 to 8.05.[12] the pH value in June 2003 in Jakarta Bay ranged from 7.37-8.02with an average of 7.66.The preferred pH value by most aquatic biota ranges from 7-8.5 [13].A good pH value for coral reefs ranges from 6-9 [14].[15] provides an ideal pH limit for marine biota ranging from 6.5 to 8.5, while the [16] sets a pH range of 6.5 -8.5 for fisheries.

Dissolved oxygen (DO)
Dissolved oxygen (DO) value in March ranged from 3.9-7.9mg/l with an average of 5.85 mg/l, and in August went from 3.9-7.9mg/l with an average of 5.85 mg/l (Table 2).The dissolved oxygen in these two periods was similar.This DO value is still following the dissolved oxygen threshold value set by seawater quality standards [4] for the benefit of marine biota >5 mg/l.In contrast, marine tourism >5 mg/l and for ports, there is no quality standard.The oxygen levels from this study were also similar to those in Jakarta Bay in previous studies.[5] reported the DO levels on the sea surface in Jakarta Bay during 1996-2011, in the western monsoon (December, January, February) ranged from 5.44-9.54mg/l, in east-west transition monsoon (March, April, May) from 6.34-8.06mg/l, in the eastern monsoon (June, July, August ) from 5.44-7.62mg/l, and during the east-west transition monsoon (September, October, November) from 5.41-7.48mg/l, then [10] reported in his research from August-December 2017, dissolved oxygen levels ranged from 3.89-5.16mg/l.[11] in June-December 1996 from 3.2 8.5 mg/l.

Phosphate
Phosphate levels in March ranged from 0.00 to 0.008 mg/l, with an average of 0.002 mg/l.In August, phosphate levels ranged from 0.002 to 0.006 mg/l, averaging 0.004 mg/l (Table 2).Phosphate levels in August are higher compared to March.This data showed that in August, this.
water received more material containing phosphate waste than in March.This level is still by the phosphate threshold value set by the water quality standard, 0.015 mg/l for tourism and marine biota.In contrast, seawater quality standards do not provide a threshold value for ports [4].A previous study showed that the phosphate levels in Jakarta Bay in September 1994 ranged from 0.21-1.37µg.at/l with an average of 0.45 µg.at/l, or 0.0065-0.0424mg/l with an average of 0. .0139mg/l and October 1994 ranged from 0.21-1.40µg.at/l with an average of 0.48 µg.at/l or 0.0065-0.0434mg/l with an average of 0.0148 mg/l, in November ranged from 0.16-1.42µg.at/l with an average of 0.51 µg.at/l or 0.0049-0.0440mg/l with an average of 0.0158 mg/l [17].Furthermore, [18] reported the phosphate levels in May 2004 ranged from 0.003-0.12mg/l with an average of 0.03 mg/l, and in October 2004, ranged from 0.002-0.059mg/l with an average of 0.023 mg/l.The phosphate level in the surface layer of the world's most fertile waters is close to 0.6 ug.at/l or equivalent to 0.019 mg/l [19].[20] reported phosphate in Jakarta Bay (western, middle, eastern) ranged from 2-18 µg.at/l, 3-499 µg.at/l and 2-7 µg.at/l or 0.062-0.558mg/l, 0.093-15.469mg/l, and 0.062-0.217mg/l.
[21] determined a phosphate value of 2.8 ug.at/l or equivalent to 0.087 mg/l as the upper limit for unpolluted water.The classification of water fertility in terms of phosphate levels according to the [22] is <0.048, which is classified as low; 0.048-0.096 is classified as moderate, and >0.096 mg/l is classified as high.Orthophosphate compounds are a limiting factor if the levels are below 0.004 mg/l, while at levels of more than 1.0 mg/l phosphates can cause blooming [21].

Nitrate (NO3)
Nitrate levels in March ranged from 0.140-0.321mg/l with an average of 0.189 mg/l.In August, it went from 0.077-0.126mg// with an average of 0.085 mg/l (Table 2).Nitrate levels in March were higher than in August.This situation can be caused by phytoplankton that use more nitrate in August.This level is higher than the threshold value for nitrate content set by the seawater quality standard, which is 0.008 mg/l for marine biota and marine tourism.In contrast, for the benefit of ports, seawater quality standards do not provide a threshold [4].[17] reported, the nitrate levels in September 1994 ranged from 0.35-1.44µg.at/l with an average of 0.72 µg.at/l or 0.0049-0.0201mg/l with an average of 0.010 mg/l, in October from 0.34-1.35µg.at/l with an average of 1.08 µg.at/l or 0.0047-0.0189mg/l with an average of 0.0151 mg/l and in November from 0.43-2.7 µg.at/l with an average of 1.06 µg.at/l or 0.0060-0.378mg/l with an average of 0.0148 mg/l.Furthermore, [18] reported that nitrate levels in May 2004 ranged from 0.046-0.291mg/l with an average of 0.143 mg/l and in October 2004 from 0.015-0.186mg/l with an average of 0.104 mg/l.[20] reported nitrate in Jakarta Bay (western, middle, eastern) ranged from 4-17 µg.at/l, 4-53 µg.at/l and 2-9 µg.at/l or 0.056-0.238mg/l, 0.056-0.742mg/l, and 0.028-0.126mg/l.

Turbidity
Turbidity in March ranges from 1.25-4.64NTU with an average of 2.58 NTU, and in August, it goes from 1.25-4.64NTU with an average of 2.58 NTU (Table 3).Turbidity in these two months is not different.This data showed that the condition of the waters in March and August was similar.This turbidity still follows the threshold value set by the seawater quality standard [4] for marine biota and marine tourism, each of 5 NTU.At the same time, for ports, there is no quality standard.[9] reported that the turbidity in July 2012 in Jakarta Bay ranged from 2.43 -7.00 NTU, [10] and the turbidity in August-December 2017 ranged from 4.5-10.5NTU.Furthermore, [11] in June-December 1996, from 0 to 430 NTU.[24] in May 2015 (dry monsoon), turbidity values in the waters of Semak Daun Island, Panggang Island Island, and Karya Island were 0.10 NTU, 0.95 NTU and 0.72 NTU, respectively, and [25] in April-October 2008 found that the turbidity in Panggang Island and Pramuka Island ranged from 0,93-4,60 NTU.This Island is located in Jakarta Bay.

Total Suspended Solid (TSS)
TSS levels in March ranged from <8-<8 mg/l with an average of <8 mg/l; the same situation was also found in August, where TSS levels went from <8-<8 mg/l with an average of <8 mg/l (Table 2).There was no difference in TSS levels in the two months of observation.This turbidity is still by the turbidity threshold value set by the seawater quality standard [4] for the benefit of marine biota, namely 20 mg/l for coral, 80 mg/l for mangrove, 20 mg/l for seagrass, 20 mg/l for nautical tourism, and 80 mg/l for ports.This level is lower compared to the previous research.[26] reported the TSS in Jakarta Bay in August 2003 ranged from 0.024-0.077mg/l with an average mg/l 0.0386 mg/l, [10], written in August-December 2017, TSS levels in Jakarta Bay ranged from 3.6-13.0mg/l, [24] in Jakarta Bay, in May 2015 (dry monsoon) found the TSS level in Semak Daun, Panggang Island and Pulau Karya Island <8 mg/l, and then [27] in October-November 2014 found TSS level in Pramuka Island from 5-18 mg/l.This island also is located in Jakarta Bay.

Transparency
Table 2 shows that the transparency values in March ranged from 1.6-7.2m with an average of 2.72 m; in August, it also went from 1.6-7.2m with an average of 2.72 m.Transparency in March is the same as in August.This situation Showed the penetration of sunlight to surface seawater in August is not significantly different from in March.This transferability is below the threshold value set by seawater quality standards [4] for the benefit of marine biota, namely coral > 5 m, sea grass > 3 m, while there is no quality standard for mangroves, marine tourism > 6 m and seaports > 3m.[9] reported, the transparency in July 2012 in Jakarta Bay ranged from 1.3-6.2m, [10] said, in August-December 2017, transparency ranged from 0.9-1.8m, [24] in Jakarta Bay, in May 2015 (dry monsoon), obtained transparency values in the waters of Semak Daun Island, Karya Island and Panggang Island Island waters of 6.9 m, 9.7 m and 5.8 m, respectively, [28] in May 2018, found the transparency value in Tidung Island ranged from 8,25-8,97 m, and [27] October-November 2014 found transparency value 100% (see button) in Pramuka Island.This island also is located in Jakarta Bay.
The table below shows that the total score of water quality status was -24 (March) and -24 (August), which means that seawater, based on its physical and chemical properties, is included in category C, which is heavily polluted.The transparency value is lower than the threshold value set for recreation and biota (coral), turbidity is also lower for entertainment and marine biota, nitrate in August is higher than the threshold value, and phosphate and nitrate are higher than this threshold value in March.

Mercury (Hg)
Table 3 shows that in March, Hg levels ranged from 0.0002 to 0.0012 ppm, with an average of 0.0006 ppm in March.In August, Hg levels went from 0.0004 to 0.0010 ppm, averaging 0.0006 ppm.The average Hg level in August was different in March.This data showed that seawater in March and August received the same amount of Hg-containing waste input.This Hg level is still lower than the threshold value set by the seawater quality standard for marine biota, tourism, and ports, which is 0.001 ppm [4,29].Hg levels from this study were still lower than those from some previous studies.[30] The reported mercury content in Jakarta Bay ranged from 2.8-35.2ppb to 2.8-35.2. 10 -3 ppm, [31] in the western from 0.0003-0.0015ppm with an average of 0.0007 ppm in July 1988 and 0.0001-0.0010ppm with an average of 0.0006 ppm in September 1988. in the middle part, from 0.0003-0.0005ppm, the average was 0.0004 ppm in July, and in September, from 0.0003-0.0011ppm (average was 0.0006 ppm).In the eastern, from 0.0003-0.0034ppm (average was 0.0010 ppm) in July, and in September, from 0.162-0.0309ppm (average was 0.0215 ppm).[10], in August-December 2017, the Hg levels were not detected (<0.0002 ppm).[32] the Hg level in Jakarta Bay from 1977-1978 ranged from 9.7-20.0ppb or 9.7-20.0. 10 -3 ppm.[30] found Hg levels in Angke Estuary in October 1980 and February 1981 were 0.010 ppm and 0.016 ppm, and [32] found Hg levels in Jakarta Bay ranged from 2.8-35.2.10-3 ppm with an average of 0.0132 ppm, [33] found Hg levels in Jakarta Bay in August 1992 ranged from 0.006-0.016ppm.
Another study [25] found Hg levels in April -October 2008 in Panggang Island and Pramuka Island went from 0,0011 to 0,0019 ppm with an average of 0,0015 ppm.[34] in February-October 2011, Hg levels in Bidadari Island and Damar Island were 0.0102 ppm and 0.006 ppm, respectively.Furthermore, [25] found mercury levels in the waters of Panggang Island Island and Pramuka Island in April 2008 ranged from 0.0008 to 0.0014 ppm with an average of 0.0011 ppm; in July 2008, it ranged from 0. 0010 to 0.0024 ppm with an average of 0.0016 ppm, in October (2008) went from 0.0011to 0.0022 ppm with an average of 0.0016 ppm.[35] in August 2004, found Hg levels in the Pari Islands cluster, namely in the southern part of Pari Island at 0.025 ppm, in the central region at 0.001 ppm, and the northern part 0.025 ppm.This Island is located in Jakarta Bay.

Lead (Pb)
In Table 3, Pb levels in March ranged from BL (below limit detection) to 0.007 ppm with an average of 0.004 ppm.In August, Pb levels went from BL to 0.007 ppm with an average of 0.003 ppm.The average Pb level in March is higher than in August.This data showed that the March seawater received more Pb-containing waste input.This lead level is still lower than the threshold values set by the seawater quality standard to benefit marine biota, tourism, and ports [4], namely 0.008 ppm, 0.05 ppm, and 0.05 ppm.In contrast, the EU, WHO, and [22,29] set the threshold value of Pb in seawater to be 0.010 ppm each.The Pb levels of the results of this study varied when compared to the results of previous studies; some of the data showed the results of this study were lower, and some were higher.[36] reported that Pb levels in October-November 2010 ranged from 0,005 -0,011 ppm, while [10] reported in his research from August-December 2017 that Pb levels in Jakarta Bay were not detected (<0.00086 ppm).[11] in June-December 1996 from not detected to 3.62 ppb or not detected to 3.62.10 - ppm, [31] from 0.0006-0.0096ppm with average 0.0051 ppm on July 1988 in the western of Jakarta Bay and September from 0.0088-0.0529ppm (average was 0.0203 ppm), in the middle part from 0.0006-0.0096ppm with average value 0.0078 ppm on July, and in September from 0.0088-0.0529ppm (average was 0.0265 ppm).In the east, from Island Island, and Karya Island in April 0.0008 ppm, July 0.0009 ppm, and October 0.004 ppm [37] obtained Cd levels in July 1999 in the waters of the Pari Island cluster ranged from 0.0001-0.0002ppm and in October range from 0.0004-0.0007ppm.[35] in August 2004, found Cd levels in the Pari Islands cluster, namely in the southern part of Pari Island 0.083 ppm, in the central part 0.016 ppm, and in the northern part 0.02 ppm.Cd levels in the open ocean range from 0.02-0.12ppb, while in coastal waters, it ranges from 0.01-0.17ppb [42].This Island is located in Jakarta Bay.

Copper (Cu)
In Table 4, Cu levels in March ranged from 0.005-0.011ppm with an average of 0.007 ppm.In August, Cu levels ranged from 0.006-0.008ppm, with an average of 0.007 ppm.The average Cu level in the two months of study was similar, namely 0.007 ppm.This data showed that the waters receive the same quantity of Cd waste input.This level of Cu is still lower than the threshold value set by the Seawater Quality Standard for marine biota, tourism, and ports [4], namely <0.06 ppm, 0.05 ppm, and 0.05 ppm.The Cu levels in this study also varied compared to previous studies' results.Some of the data indicated that the Cu levels in this study were lower, but some were higher.[36] reported Cu levels in Jakarta Bay in October-November 2010 ranged from 0,005 -0,005 ppm.[11] in June-December 1996 from not detected to 4.04 ppb or not seen to 4.04.10 -3 ppm.[31] from 0.0016-0.0048ppm (average 0.0021 ppm) in July 1988 in the western of Jakarta Bay and September from the-0.0029 ppm with an average of 0.0020 ppm, in the middle part from 0.0016-0.0064ppm (average 0.0022 ppm) on July, and in September from the-0.0007 ppm (Average 0.0001 ppm).In the eastern, from 0.0016-0.0080ppm (Average 0.0026 ppm) in July, and in September from 0.0007 ppm (average 0.0001 ppm).[37] In August, average Cu levels in Jakarta Bay (western, middle, and eastern) ranged from <0.001-0.006ppm.[38] reported Cu levels in Jakarta Bay during 1983-1984 and 1987-1990 ranged from 2.2 ppm.[12] Cu levels in Jakarta Bay ranged from <0.001-0.005ppm with an average of 0.002 ppm.[12] reported average Cu levels in Jakarta Bay (western, middle, and east) in June 2003 were 0.001 ppm, 0.002 ppm, and 0.001 ppm; in September 2003 were <0.001 ppm, 0.002 ppm, and <0.001 ppm.[39] reported average Cu levels in May 2004 in Jakarta Bay (western, middle, eastern) were 0.001 ppm, 0.001 ppm, and 0.001 ppm.In October 2004, there were 0.0036 ppm, 0018 ppm, and 0.001 ppm.Another study reported [37] found Cu levels in July 1999 in the Pari Island cluster ranged from 0.0021 ppm and in October 1999 from 0.0013-0.0023ppm.[35] in August 2004, Cu levels in the southern part of Pari Island were 0.076 ppm, in the central part 0.152 ppm, and in the northern part 0.209 ppm.This Island is located in Jakarta Bay.Cu levels in the open ocean range from 0.14-0.90ppb, and in coastal waters range from 0.35-0.40ppb [42].

Zinc (Zn)
In Table 4, Zn levels in March ranged from 0.012-0.023ppm with an average of 0.017 ppm.In August, Zn levels ranged from 0.014-0.023ppm, with an average of 0.017 ppm.The average Zn level in March was similar to August.This data showed that the waters in March and August received the same quantity of Zn waste input.This Zn level is higher than the threshold values set by the Seawater Quality Standard to benefit marine biota and tourism [4], namely 0.008 ppm and 0.005 ppm, but is lower for ports, namely 0.05 ppm.This study's Zn content was higher than previous studies' results.[36] reported Zn levels in Jakarta Bay in October-November 2010 ranged from 0,005 -0,007 ppm.[11] in June-December 1996 from not detected to 30.1 ppb or not seen to 30.1.10 - ppm.[31] from 0.0276-0.0501ppm with an average 0.0358 ppm on July 1988 in the western of Jakarta Bay and September from 0.0007-0.0183ppm (average 0.0094 ppm), in the middle part from 0.0214-0.0501ppm with an average 0.0329 on July, and in September from the-0.0071 ppm (average 0.0035 ppm).In the east, from 0.0286-0.3335ppm (average 0.0758 ppm) in July, and in September, from 0.014-0.0118ppm (average 0.0042 ppm).[37] found average Zn levels in Jakarta Bay (western, middle, eastern) in August ranged from 0.003-0.008ppm, [12] found that Zn levels in Jakarta Bay w e n t from <0.001-0.005ppm with average 0.002 ppm.[12] reported average Zn levels in Jakarta Bay (western, middle, and east) in June 2003 were 0.002 ppm, 0.001 ppm, and 0.002 ppm; in September 2003, they were 0.008 ppm, 0.007 ppm, and 0.003 ppm.[39] reported average Pb levels in May 2004 In Jakarta Bay (western, middle, and eastern), there were 0.0025 ppm, 0.001 ppm, and 0.001 ppm.In October 2004, there were 0.0043 ppm, 0036 ppm, and 0.0035 ppm.Another study reported [37] found that Zn levels in July 1999 in the waters of the Pari Island cluster (Jakarta Bay) ranged from 0.0058-0.0159ppm and in October 1999 ranged from 0.

Arsenic (As)
In Table 4, Arsenic levels in March ranged from 0.0011-0.0025ppm with an average of 0.002 ppm.In August, the Arsenic levels went from 0.0010-0.0027ppm, averaging 0.002 ppm.The average level of Arsenic in March is similar to August.This data showed that the waters in March and August received input of waste containing Arsenic in the same quantity.This level of Arsenic is still lower than the threshold values set by the seawater quality standard for the benefit of marine biota, tourism, and ports [4], namely 0.01 ppm and 0.025 ppm, while there are no criteria for ports.Levels of Arsenic unpolluted seawater ranged from 1-3 ppb (0.001-0.003 ppm) with an average of 1.7 ppb (0.0017 ppm) [43].Arsenic is found in the largest ocean in the world.the mean arsenic concentration in the open ocean region of the Pacific Ocean is approximately 0.001 ppm [44].

Nickel (Ni)
In Table 4, Ni levels in March ranged from 0.00 to 0.007 ppm with an average of 0.002 ppm.In August, Ni levels ranged from 0.000-0.006ppm with an average of 0.003 ppm.The average Ni level in March was relatively lower than in August.This data showed that the waters in August received more inputs of Ni waste than in March.This Ni content is still lower than the threshold values set by the seawater quality standard for the benefit of marine biota, tourism, and ports [4], namely 0.05 ppm and 0.075 ppm, while there are no criteria for Ports.[11] reported, in June-December 1996, from not detected to 0.637 ppb or not detected to 0.637.10 - ppm.Rochyatun et al. (2003) found average Ni levels in Jakarta Bay (western, middle, and eastern) in August ranged from <0.001-0.002ppm.[12] Ni levels in Jakarta Bay ranged from 0.001-0.009ppm with an average of 0.003 ppm.[12] reported average Ni levels in Jakarta Bay (western, middle, and east) in June 2003 were 0.003 ppm, 0.003 ppm, and 0.003 ppm, and in September 2003 were 0.001 ppm, 0.001 ppm, and <0.001 ppm.[39] reported average Pb levels in May 2004 in Jakarta Bay (western, middle, eastern) were 0.0012 ppm, 0.0018 ppm, and 0.0017 ppm; in October 2004, t hey were 0.005 ppm, 0062 ppm, and 0.0061 ppm.Another study [37] found Ni levels in July 1999 in the waters of the Pari Island cluster (Jakarta Bay) ranged from 0.002-0.0031ppm and October from 0.0002-0.0024ppm.The Ni content of the results of this study was lower when compared to the effects of previous studies; the exception in October 1999 was higher.Ni levels in the open ocean are 0.0054 [42].

Chromium (Cr)
In Table 4, Cr levels in March ranged from BL to Bl (below the detection limit); the same situation was found in August.This data showed no input of waste containing Cr to the waters.This Cd level is still lower than the threshold values set by the seawater quality standard for marine biota, tourism, and ports [4], namely 0.012 ppm and 0.025 ppm, while no port criteria exist.The Cr levels of the results of this study also varied; some of the data indicated that there were lower Cr levels, but some were higher.[36] reported Cr levels in Jakarta Bay in October-November 2010 ranged from 0.001-0.001ppm.[11] in June-December 1996 from undetected to 3.98 ppm or 3.98.10 - ppm.[31] from 0.0041-0.0157ppm with an average of 0.0058 ppm pada bulan July 1988 in the western of Jakarta Bay and September from 0.0002-0.0063ppm with an average of 0.0006 ppm, in the middle part from 0.0041-0.0215ppm with an average 0.0058 ppm pada bulan July, and in September from 0.0002-0.0063ppm with an average of 0.0008 ppm.In the eastern, from the-0.0099 ppm with an average of 0.0050 ppm in July, and in September from the-0.0063 m with an average of 0.0007 ppm.[38] reported Cr levels in Jakarta Bay during 1983-1984 and 1987-1990 ranged from 0.22 ppm.Another study reported, [37] Cu levels in July 1999 in the waters of the Pari Island cluster (Jakarta Bay) ranged from 0.0001-0.0002ppm and in October from 0.0004-0.0007ppm.According to [42], Cr levels in the open ocean are around 0.05 ppb (0.00005 ppm).Overall, in March, the levels of Zn>Cu>Pb>As>Ni>Hg>Cd=Cr, while in August, the levels of Zn>Cu>Pb>Ni>AS>Hg>Cd=Cr.
The results of the seawater quality analysis based on heavy metal concentration in the Seribu Islands are presented in Table 5.The table shows that the seawater quality score in March was 0; the same was found in August.This score indicates that seawater quality in the Seribu Islands is included in category A (excellent), which is very good and has not been polluted.

Conclusion
The status of seawater quality in the Seribu Islands is based on temperature, salinity, pH, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, transparency, and total suspended solids, including the C category (moderately polluted).Parameters that are not by the threshold value set by seawater quality standards are transparency, turbidity, phosphate, and nitrate, while based on heavy metal level, the status of seawater quality in Seribu Island is still good and is still by its The designation, namely ports, marine tourism, and marine biota cultivation, has no relationship between heavy metals parameters.

Table 1 .
Determination of the status of water quality value

Table 2 .
Water quality of Jakarta Bay in March and August 2021

Table 3 .
Heavy metals concentration in Jakarta Bay Waters in March and August 2021

Table 4 .
Status of seawater quality in the Jakarta Bay

Table
Status of seawater quality of Seribu Islands, Jakarta Bay