Promising sources for breeding golden currant ( Ribes aureum Pursh)

. The fundamental objective of this study is to comprehensively investigate the morpho-biological attributes and valuable economic traits of hybrid samples of golden black currant. These hybrid samples are the result of crossbreeding Russian and American varieties. Beyond this, the research endeavors to establish foundational insights that can be employed as primary references in the development of novel cultivars. These cultivars are envisioned to be both fecund and endowed with larger-sized fruits, an abundance of essential vitamins and minerals, as well as adaptability to local environmental conditions. Furthermore, their suitability for extended transportation distances is an essential consideration. In essence, the study aspires to unravel the potential of these hybrid golden black currant varieties, exploring their morphological and biological characteristics, economic viability, and their potential contribution to the nutritional landscape. By assessing their adaptability, nutritional richness, and commercial prospects, we lay the groundwork for the advancement of new cultivars that hold promise not only for local agricultural systems but also for broader markets where they can meet the demands of health-conscious consumers and environmentally sustainable production practices.


Introduction
In order to meet the demand of the population for fruit and berry products in Uzbekistan, it is envisaged to increase the volume of the product, as well as to increase its quality and expand its assortment [1,2]. Therefore, one of the main tasks before the specialists of the field is to expand the range of fruit and berry crops, to study the biology of new crop types, to create new varieties suitable for local conditions and to introduce them into production [3,4].
The volume of berry cultivation in the world is 7.2-8.4 million. tons, of which about 662,000 tons were blackcurrants, and the average yield was 5.5 tons per hectare. According to the statistics of FAO in 2018, the Russian Federation is the leader in the cultivation of currants (Ribes L.) in the world, and about 400,000 tons are harvested every year [5,6].
Carl Linnaeus (1753) divided Ribes into two species, Ribes inermia and Grossularia accileata, and 120 years later, the Russian scientist and great botanist K.I. Maksimovich (1873) classified the plants belonging to Ribes divided into 6 species according to morphological characteristics, biological characteristics, distribution area. To date, scientists have identified about 190 species belonging to this genus.
Black and red currants differ in the location of the buds on the branches, the color of the bark, and whether the fruit is fragrant or odorless. The bark of the one-year-old branches of the black currant is yellow with a long gray stripe, and the bark turns brown as it grows. Freckle-like spots are visible on all branches. Buds, leaves, bark and fruit have a unique smell. Red currants have no smell and can be easily distinguished from black currants by the slow development of all branches. Blackcurrants have compound inflorescences, and red currants have simple inflorescences.
Golden currant differs dramatically in its vigorous growth compared to red and black currants. The bushes are tall. It is similar to the leaves of krijovnik, fragrant and the flowers are orange, with a sharp smell. The fruit has a unique aroma. Golden currant is a perennial shrub with a root system up to 2 meters deep. The leaves are alternate, three-to five-lobed, light and dark green in color, some are slightly, and some are branched. The appearance resembles the leaves of the gooseberry plant. In autumn, the leaves of this variety take on a dark red or yellow-red color.
In Uzbekistan, golden currant blooms from the end of March to the first ten days of April, and its fruit ripens in early spring, at the end of May, in the first ten days of June, i.e., on the same level as the fairy varieties of black currant. However, some varieties take a little longer. The fruit is black, red, orange, yellow, purple.
Golden currant fruit contains 6.29 to 13% sugar, 0.94 to 2.04% acids, 43.2 to 187 mg% vitamin C, 8.05 mg% provitamin A and 1.5% pectin. (on the basis of dry mass) has substance. Blackcurrant fruit is eaten fresh, as jam, juice and jelly (condensed fruit juice). 46 varieties of currants are in the gene pool of the research institute of horticulture, viticulture and winemaking named after Academician Makhmud Mirzaev, including 13 varieties of black currant (Ribes nigrum L), 6 varieties of red currant (Ribes rubrum L), golden currant (Ribes aureum Pursh) 15 varieties and 12 hybrids are kept alive.
Selection of fruit crops is fundamentally different from the selection of other agricultural crops, in some cases, several generations of scientists participate in the process of creating one variety. Scientific research completed by us was also started in 1947 by S.I. Yagudina and his followers. Between 1947 and 1979, S.I. Yagudina and a number of scientists of the institute crossed American Krondal and Russian Michurin varieties and obtained about 274 hybrids. Later, a promising hybrid isolated from these hybrids was included in the state register under the name "Plotnomyasaya" [6].
During the period of keeping the collection alive, a group of hybrids was given the names "Uzbekistanskaya krupnoplodnaya" and "Uzbekskaya sladkaya". In 2007-2009, 140 plants were cloned from Uzbekskaya sladkaya na muna . These plants gave their first crops in 2011, and in 2013 they reached full harvest and from these plants no. 48 numbered plants were selected according to valuable economic traits.
During the years 2011-2015, in the "Plotnomyasaya" variety of the golden currant, the swelling of the buds coincided with February 24, and the opening of the buds coincided with March 3. Among the studied varieties and hybrids, only the "Uzbekskaya sladkaya" variety had the swelling of the buds at the same time as the model, and in all other varieties and hybrids, it was on the 1st Late opening was observed for 3 days. Budding was observed at the latest (on March 1) in "Alyona" variety and samples #13-2 and #13-27, while in all other varieties and hybrids this physiological process was recorded on February 25-27, and opening on March 2-6.
Among varieties and hybrids of golden currant, there are differences in the phase of flowering, including: "Plotnomyasaya" variety begins on March 24, and "Kyghos" blooms on March 29, and ends on April 21, while "Altinoy", "Dostlik", "Elixir" varieties and in the hybrids, the appearance of flowers was recorded on March 21, the beginning of flowering in the varieties "Oltinoy" and "Elixir" on April 1, and in the variety "Dostlik" on March 29. The duration of flowering in the collection nursery was 28-33 days, and the longest flowering process lasted for the "Uzbekskaya sladkaya" variety (33 days).
Among the varieties and hybrids of golden black currant, 3 varieties, Oltinoy, No. 5-11, No. 13-7 and Rukhshona, were distinguished according to their early ripening characteristics, and it was observed that they ripened 4-6 days earlier than the model Plotnomyasaya variety.
Compared to the model variety, the ripening duration of the fruits lasted 5-8 days, and the varieties No. 3, Oltinoy, No. 14-7, No. 13-7 and No. 13-27 and hybrids were isolated. The following results were obtained when the cultivars and hybrids maintained in the nursery of golden currant collection samples were studied for the productivity of one plant during the years 2011-2015 (Table 1). During the years 2011-2015, the average productivity of one bush of the model variety "Plotnomyasaya" (st) is 0.624 kg. and it was found that 16 of the 19 studied varieties and hybrids had lower results from 65 to 360 grams compared to the standard variety.
These varieties and samples are effective in the early spring changing climate of Uzbekistan compared to the model "Plotnomyasaya" (st) variety, and the productivity was significantly higher in years with warm spring months, as a result of many years of observations. For example, the yield of one bush in the variety "Siyuma" was 250-180 g in 2012-2013, and 0.450 and 910 g in 2014-2015 (years with even spring days). The lowest productivity was observed in "Alyona" (0.262 kg), #13-2 (0.373 kg), "Dostlik" (0.355 kg), "Elixir" (0.399 kg) varieties and hybrids.
When analyzing the research conducted with golden currant varieties and hybrids, the 4year average yield indicators were shown as follows. It is known that the climatic conditions of Uzbekistan change rapidly, and spring months sometimes come early and sometimes late. In most cases, the air temperature rises from the end of February to the beginning of March and decreases in the end of March or the beginning of April. This situation leads to the loss of part of the crop. Sometimes, when the air temperature rises at the same time (as a result of the frost not hitting the flowers), it is observed that the yield is high. We made a conclusion based on the average indicators of the results obtained during the 4 years of research due to the different arrivals of the spring months.
The average productivity of " Oydin" variety is 20.77 tons/ha, " Uzbekskayasladkaya" variety is 21.55 tons/ha, and " Yadgor" variety is 34.05 tons/ha, and "Oydin" variety is 1.5 It was noted that the " Uzbekskayasladkaya" variety has a high yield of 2.28 tons/ha, and the "Yadgor" variety has a high yield of up to 14.77 tons/ha (Table 3). Another valuable economic characteristic of the golden currant is its large fruit size. The sample "Plotnomyasaya" (st) variety is 1.6 grams, and the largest one is 2 grams. Almost all of the studied varieties and hybrids are lower in average weight of one fruit (0.67-1.5 g) compared to the sample variety. got results. However, according to the weight of the largest fruit, 12 varieties and hybrids are 1.5 compared to the standard variety ("Siyuma", "Rukhshona", "Dostlik", "Elixir" varieties, No. 13-7, No. 13-2, No. 13-27, "Oydin", "Yadgor") and 2 times (Uzbekistanskaya krupnoplodnaya, "Iroda" varieties, hybrids #13-16, No.  were noted in the research (Figure 2). These selected specimens are the primary rare resource for the development of new largefruited market varieties of golden currant.
One of the most valuable economic characteristics of golden currant is evaluated by its chemical composition. The fruit can be black or brown in color, round, elongated, pearshaped or flat. According to the sources, the fruit is valuable because it contains valuable vitamins S, V, V9 , A, R, K , sugar, organic acid, aromatic substances. In our research, we analyzed the content of acid, dry matter and sugar in the fruits of 9 varieties and hybrids of golden currant (Table 4). Of the sample "Plotnomyasaya" (control) variety was 1.24% acid, 14% dry matter, and 13.4% sugar. In 6 out of 8 collection varieties and hybrids whose chemical composition was analyzed, including: "Uzbekistanskaya krupnoplodnaya", "Uzbekskaya sladkaya", "Oltinoy", "Elixir" varieties and the fruits of hybrids No. 13-27 and No. 14-7, the dry matter content was 16 up to -20%, with 2-6% higher results compared to the model. Sample No. 13-2 showed a low result compared to the model variety ( Figure 3). It was found that all the varieties and hybrids selected for the amount of sugar in the fruit have higher results compared to the "Plotnomyasaya" variety, "Uzbekistanskaya krupnoplodnaya" variety has 17%, "Uzbekskaya sladkaya" variety has 18.3%, "Oltinoy" variety has 16.9%, 15.1% in "Elixir" variety, 18.2% in "Oydin" variety, 15.2% in "Yadgor" variety and 15.5% in No. 13-2, i.e. 1.1% to 3.9% higher than the sample was recorded.
As a result of research carried out in the nursery of the collection, 3 varieties, including No. 3 ("Uzbekskaya sladkaya"), No. 14-7 ("Yadgor"), No. 13-27 ("Oydin"), were selected for valuable farm characteristics, and to continue the selection work the control was transferred to the cultivar trial nursery.

Conclusions
During the years 2011-2015, compared to the "Plotnomyasaya" variety of the golden black currant (budding of buds on February 24, bud opening on March 3), only the "Uzbekskaya sladkaya" variety of the studied varieties and hybrids is the same as the model, and all other varieties and hybrids are delayed by 1-3 days observed. Budding was observed at the latest (on March 1) in "Alyona" variety and samples No. . In all other varieties and hybrids, this physiological process was recorded on February 25-27, and opening on March 2-6.
Among varieties and hybrids of golden currant, differences were also observed in the phase of entry into the flower. In the variety "Plotnomyasaya" the beginning of the pattern was on March 24, the flowering of marigolds was on March 29, and the end was on April 21, while in the varieties and hybrids "Altinoy", "Dostlik", "Elixir" the appearance of flowers was on March 21, the flowering of marigolds was on "Oltinoy" and " It was recorded in Elixir varieties on April 1, and in Dostlik varieties on March 29.
The duration of flowering in the collection nursery was 28-33 days, and the longest flowering process lasted for the "Uzbekskaya sladkaya" variety (33 days).
From the varieties and hybrids of the studied golden currant, 3 varieties, Oltinoy, No. 5-11, No. 13-7 and Rukhshona, were selected according to their early ripening characteristics, and it was found that they ripened 4-6 days earlier than the model Plotnomyasaya variety.
The hybrids of No. 3, Oltinoy, No. 14-7, No. 13-7 and No. 13-27 varieties were selected according to the duration of fruit ripening, and it was noted that the duration of fruit ripening in these hybrids was 5-8 days longer than the standard variety.
The productivity of one bush of the studied 20 varieties and hybrids is lower than the model (65-360 g) in 16 samples, the same as the model in 1 sample, only in 3 samples (No.-3 Uzbekskaya sladkaya-0.653 kg, No. 14-7 Yadgor -1,024 kg and No. 13-27 Aydin -1,012 kg) a high result was observed.
It was found that the average productivity of varieties and hybrids of No. 3, No. 14-7 and No. 13-27 was 105-164 percent higher than the standard variety.
According to the results of research carried out for four years in the nursery of the collection, varieties and hybrids No. 3, No. 14-7 and No. 13-27 were selected, and on their basis, the golden currant varieties " Uzbekskaya sladkaya", "Yadgor" and "Oydin" were created.
The varieties "Uzbekistanskaya krupnoplodnaya", "Iroda" and hybrids No. 13-16, No. 15-12 were distinguished according to the sign of fruit size. These samples will serve as a unique primary source for the creation of new large-fruited, exportable cultivars of golden currant.