Methods for converting unsuitable saline lands into suitable soils using the "Coal Acid Utility Model"

. The article discusses ways to convert unsuitable saline lands into suitable ones using the “Carbon Dioxide Forming Utility Model” and the integrated use of desalinating biocomposites. A three-year study proved that among the 10 options studied, the best desalinating and restoring soil fertility turned out to be 10-9-8 and 7 options. In these options, the savings in wash water, respectively, were according to the option: 1.46 times; the amount of chloride and sulfate ions decreased: 55-54.2-52.4-51.5 %; cotton yield: 15.8-15.214.4-14.1c/ha yield increase was higher than the control variant. It was also determined on a scientific basis through the use of the “Carbon Dioxide Forming Utility Model” and the complex use of biostrains and immunocomposites for the successful origin of the neutralization process, the amount of harmful salts in the soil decreased, the absorption of phosphorus fertilizers by plants improved and the number of beneficial microorganisms in the soil increased, its structure improved. Also, the uniform distribution of macro and microelements in plants was balanced. By improving the neutralization and structure of the soil, degraded land was restored to fertile. The laws of balance were restored.


Introduction
Soil salinization is a global problem of mankind. It, both natural and secondary in conditions of irrigated agriculture, is one of the factors intensifying the process of desertification. At the same time, it is both a cause and a consequence of other problems in agriculture. Salinization is associated with drainage problems, destruction of irrigation and drainage systems, and inefficient use of water resources [1][2][3][4][5][6][7].
The fight against soil salinization is now considered in combination with other activities aimed at sustainable intensification of agriculture, which is one of the foundations of food security in the world [1][2][3][4][5][6][7].
Soil salinization is the process of accumulation in the soil of more than 0.25% of its mass of salts harmful to plants (chlorides, sulfates, sodium carbonates).
Excessive accumulations of absorbed salts in the root layer, which oppress, destroy agricultural plants; reduce the quality and quantity of the crop.
According to the FAO, saline soils occupy vast areas in the world -about 25% of the entire land surface. To date, significant arrays of saline soils are located in Central Asia, South Kazakhstan, in the west of the United States, in especially arid regions of Australia, South America and North Africa. Soils in deserts and semi-deserts are characterized by a particularly high degree of salinity; in arid or arid climates [1][2][3][4][5][6][7].
According to the FAO, around 30% of all irrigated lands are subject to secondary salinization and alkalinization worldwide. Secondary salinization is most active in zones of natural salinization development. For example, in the Caspian lowland, the process of salinization of pastures and irrigated lands is actively going on.
How does secondary salinization occur? Salts in the soil are in a dissolved or absorbed state, so the movement of water in it inevitably causes the movement of salts and the more, the better their solubility in water. With excessive irrigation, excess moisture goes deep into the soil cover, where it merges with saline groundwater. As a result, there is a capillary rise of salts to the surface layers; there is a migration of salts. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7].
FAO, the International Institute for Environment and Development, the World Resources Institute have studied saline areas on a global scale and created special maps. Scientists from the CIS and abroad conducted a study on these important global problems [1][2][3][4][5][6][7].
Until now, on highly saline, unsuitable soils, with the help of the Utility Model, having formed carbonic acid under the soil with various desalination factors, it has not been used in a complex way. All salt-reducing factors were used separately. In this study, all desalination components are used in a complex manner, due to this, the simultaneous use of rational desalination factors reduces the degree of salinity, neutralizes the pH of the alkaline environment, restores fertility and soil ecosystems, increases productivity, saves water and energy resources. These qualities are superior to the utility model with complex application throughout the components [5][6][7].
However, for unsuitable soils, using organic manure and a utility model formed under the soil of H2CO3 against the background and achieve a simultaneous decrease in salinity and neutralization of the pH of the alkaline environment, restore soil fertility and ecology, saving water resources and turning it into suitable land. It has not been studied on a scientific basis to get a high yield of agricultural crops in arid zones in the Republic of Uzbekistan, Bukhara region. In addition, the complex use of desalination, highly effective with various doses, costs of bioimmunocomposites of various humic compositions against the background of H2CO3, and organic manure in degraded soils has not been studied.
In this regard, the solution of this problem is very relevant and is of great importance for soil desalination and fresh water conservation.
The goal is to form carbon dioxide and organic fertilizers under the soil against the background of the application of the Utility Model to convert highly saline soils into suitable ones. To determine the optimal doses and timing of the introduction of complex bioimmunocomposites for agricultural crops. On a scientific basis, develop new water-and resource-saving, integrated agricultural technologies and introduce them into production.

Methods
An experimental experiment on studying ways to convert unsuitable saline lands into suitable ones using the "Carbon Dioxide Forming Utility Model" was carried out in 2020-2022.
Scientists of the Scientific Research Institute for Seed Breeding and Agricultural Texnology of Cotton Growing, Bukhara Scientific Experimental Station, in an experimental farm.  Accounting areas are 100 m 2 . The repetition of the experiment is 3-fold. The total area according to the variants of the experiment was 540 m 2 . Experienced options are located in one tier. The location of the experimental scheme by fields is shown in Table 1. Experimental variants for repetitions were arranged according to the randomization method.
Biometric measurements, agrophysical and chemical, ameliorative, microbiological analyzes were carried out on the basis of the methodological manual Scientific Research Institute for Seed Breeding and Agricultural Texnology of Cotton Growing, Bukhara Scientific Experimental Station [8,9].
The calculation of water was calculated according to the formula of S N Ryzhov [10]. The obtained data on yield indicators were determined by the method of B Dospekhov [11], static processing by analysis of variance. In all variants (including the control), 30 tons/ha of organic manure was applied, the soils were washed from four to one time (depending on the variant), and the "Coal of the acid-forming utility model" was used in all variants (except for the control) during the period of plowing and inter-row cultivation.
Rizocom-1 and EM-culture, bio-and immunostimulants were used for processing cottonseeds. During the growing season of cotton (in the appearance of two-four true leaves, budding and flowering), composite mixtures in various doses were prepared (depending on the variant and timing of application) composite suspensions based on Rizocom-1 + Serhosil, EM-cultures, bio-and immunostimulants were fed from the leaves. All studied options were compared with control and reference options, as well as factors affecting soil fertility, structure, and other influences. Mineral fertilizers were applied in all variants in the same doses. Irrigation was carried out according to the furrow method.

Research results and conclusions
For the first time in the Bukhara region, under conditions of highly saline, degraded soils, studies were carried out, through the complex use of various rational desalination factors (against the background of carbonic acid and organic manure), the pH of the alkaline medium was neutralized with carbonic acid. Due to the formation of carbonic acid under the soil, biochemical processes and neutralization of the pH of the soil environment were successful, toxic salts turned into harmless, mineral nutrition. The number of beneficial microorganisms in the soil has increased, fertility has been restored. Highly saline soils turned into low salinity soils, leaching and irrigation water decreased by 1.46-2.0 times and phosphate fertilizers. In addition, at the same time, in research on a scientific basis, the influence of complex factors on the environment of various harmful salts and the transformation of unusable into fertile lands were determined.
According to Shirokova, with a strong salinity of the soil -a salt content of more than 0.4%, crop losses can be half or more. It follows from this that crop yields are highly dependent on salt content and management to reduce soil salinity needs to be taken seriously [7].
Salt tolerance of crops according to the FAO criteria is taken into account through the electrical conductivity of the saturated soil solution. So, when salinity is above 2 dS/m, the yield of more sensitive crops decreases, and for salt-tolerant crops (wheat, barley, cotton), crop losses occur when salinity is above 7dS/m [7].
Usually, cotton does not grow on highly saline soils. In order for cotton to grow, before sowing, where a control variant is placed with a rate of 1500 m 3 /ha of water consumption, it was washed 4 times. Before the fourth flush, 30t/ha organic manure was applied. And the rest of the reference and test options (according to the scheme of the experiment, depending on how many times it is washed), also on the penultimate washing of salts, organic manure was applied at 30 t/ha. In order to know which options save more water and resources and lower salinity, depending on the options for the experiment, flushing was carried out from 3 to 1 time.
In all variants, the soil during plowing and cultivation was treated (except for the control and reference ones) using a utility model that produces H2CO3 under the soil.
Before washing, the salts were sprayed with Biosolvent on the soil surface in an acceptable amount (12 kg/ha). Before sowing, the seeds were treated with microstrains Rizokom-1 (50 ml/t), and biocomposites -(Fitovak 75 ml + urea 6.5 kg + humic acid 1.5 kg/ha), on the soil surface they were sprayed with EM-culture -3 l/ha. In the 10th variant, before sowing, the soils were treated with EM culture at a rate of 3 l/ha, and the seeds were also treated with biocomposites. According to the scheme of experiment with EM culture 3 l/ha, Serhosil (300-450 l/ha) and other composites were applied in the form of a suspension during the growing season of plants. Table 2 shows the water consumption, the amount of harmful ions and the yield.
Analyzes of 3-year data show that among the studied options, the highest additive yield was given by 10- The amount of soluble toxic ions (C1 -+ SO4 2-) in all variants compared with the control decreased by 50-47-43-35-32-51.5-52.4-54.2-55%, respectively. The pH of the medium after four washings and application of 30t/ha of organic manure in degraded soils was 8.3. Usually, in saline soils, from spring to autumn, the accumulation of harmful salts increases. Moreover, where carbon dioxide-forming utility models were used during the growing season of plants, secondary salinization was not observed. Even at the beginning of the growing season after washing, the pH of the soil environment was from 8.3 to -8.1, at the end of the growing season these indicators were 7-8-9-10 variant, respectively: 7.7-7.5-7.5-7.4 In addition, in all reference variants, water consumption and the amount of harmful salts in the soil were reduced. They improved the absorption of phosphate fertilizers by plants and increased the number of beneficial microorganisms, depending on the content of desalination compounds.
Usually, a decrease in the alkaline pH of the soil is achieved by carrying out a neutralization reaction in the presence of H2CO3. When H2CO3 interacts under the soil, toxic salts are acidified and become harmless, i.e. the soil is desalinated. In degraded, unsuitable soils, minerals are various forms of phosphate, which accumulate in an insoluble form under the soil and are difficult to absorb in it.
Tricalcium phosphates dissolve well with the help of H2CO3, and turn into a form that is easily absorbed by the plant. In addition, since the salinity of the soil is alkaline, due to carbonic acid, the soil becomes desalinated, unsuitable soils are converted into suitable ones. As a result of the neutralization reaction, the pH of the environment approaches 7.4, the harmful salts are acidified, and become a source of nutrients in the soil. Thanks to these processes, beneficial microorganisms increase in the soil, with a uniform distribution of macro and microelements in plants, the accumulation of fruit elements and the productivity of photosynthesis increase, ultimately growing a high and high-quality crop of raw cotton.
In addition, Biosolvent, Rizocom-1 and Serkhosil other bioimmunocomposites, as well as carbonic acid, reduce the amount of toxic salts in the soil, improve the absorption of phosphate fertilizers by plants and increase the number of beneficial microorganisms in the soil. As a result, neutralization processes improved, harmful minerals were turned into harmless additional fertilizers. The soil was desalinated, soil structures were improved and led to savings, soil fertility was restored, and its structures were improved. It also balances the distribution of macro -and microelements in plants, creating the opportunity to grow relatively ecologically clean, high-quality crops.
Rhizobacteria, used all year round, against the background of local fertilizers and useful models that form carbonic acid under the soil, as a result of the complex effect of biocomposites, the processes of secondary salinization slowed down. Due to the improvement of the soil structure, its granularity, as well as the plant bush completely covering the soil surface, a decrease in the transpiration coefficient was observed.

Conclusions
Thus, by studying carbonic acid and organic manure in unsuitable highly saline fields for three years, using rational desalination factors in a complex, it is possible to obtain an average of 39.1 q/ha cotton crop, save 3300 m 3 /ha of irrigation water and reduce the amount of harmful salts 55% compared to control. With the optimal variant of desalination, the solubility of secondary phosphates in saline soils with the help of H2CO3 and CO2 improves, the plant assimilates into the phosphorus form, and biochemical processes successfully occur. humification in the soil, redox, aerobic, anaerobic, ammonification, nitrification and other processes, unused areas become fertile, soils, the balance of distribution is normalized, productivity and its quality increase. Thanks to the utility model and the combination of various desalination factors, 1.46 reduces irrigation water-2.0 times, toxic salts by 55%, mineral fertilizers by 50%, and crop yields are increased by -60%.