Environmental aspects and microclimate in greenhouses in the republic of Uzbekistan

. Over the years, the persistence of pandemics has further increased the population's demand for environmentally friendly products. Greenhouses are a key factor in solving this socio-economic problem. A temperate climate is needed to grow organic produce. This experiment is carried out only in greenhouse complexes. Creating an ecological microclimate in greenhouses in the Republic of Uzbekistan will help to solve these problems. The aim of the study is to create and optimize low-cost eco-microclimate conditions in greenhouses using natural resources. In the study of ecological microclimate processes in greenhouses, the methods of analysis, synthesis, inductive, monographic research, abstract logic, and other general scientific research are used. The study found that an optimal ventilation system improves climate control and therefore optimize energy consumption, in addition to linking other factors such as airborne carbon concentration, temperature, humidity, which directly affect the growth and development of aerated crops. Ventilation affects the temperature inside the greenhouse, another ecological aspect of the correct and optimized operation of a sustainable greenhouse agroecosystem, as it provides the same air circulation from outside the greenhouse to remove excess heat during high solar radiation found to have a positive effect on quality ; this has been proven to affect quality with a positive effect. To prevent problems such as high heat and evaporation, stress of plant water and physiological diseases, including cracking of fruits, death of flowers and fruits, the temperature of 10, which provides optimal physiological and biochemical processes


Introduction
The need of a modern person for fresh vegetable products is due to the requirement of the time. The process of life support today is acute and requires immediate solutions. The current development level of vegetable growing in greenhouses increases the requirements for management systems, given the complexity and scale of the work performed under these conditions. The main task of suppliers of vitamins to the population is determined by the growing requirements for the environmental friendliness of greenhouse products in the offseason; they develop non-traditional approaches to growing vegetables, their rational use, high-quality products, and balanced agroecosystems.
As the increase in greenhouse vegetable production must be ensured by increasing the efficiency of the use of growing area; there is a need to ensure max high yields in optimal conditions. Therefore, the study of cultivation methods and the assessment of their influence on the development and productivity of greenhouse vegetables are relevant.
Ecologization of agricultural production requires a rational approach to crop production. Using the latest achievements of science in combination with practice creates a single tandem that determines the quality and high yield of crops. The combination of abiotic and biotic factors creates the environment. In closed ecosystems, abiotic factors are of paramount importance, indirectly affecting the state of biotic components [1].
Modeling and optimizing costs for operating artificial climate units with thermal energy control is an urgent task for crop production. Cooling during the day in the rooms is conducted artificially using air conditioning. Cogeneration provides savings in energy conversion. Strategies for supervisory control of installations using thermal, mechanical, and electrical energy are still being developed [2].
Greenhouses are an agroecosystem in which all components are interconnected and have a sequence in their functioning. Now, to predict changes in microclimatic parameters important for the functioning of plants, so-called mathematical models are being compiled. Considering greenhouses in the context of studying environmental aspects, as well as their functioning, a lot of research is being done. Especially in modelling the optimal parameters for maintaining the microclimate in them [4].
Analysis of the improvement of the organizational-economic mechanisms of the greenhouse industry is currently an urgent problem, especially in areas with temperature fluctuations in the atmospheric air.
Mathematical modeling makes it possible to identify the optimum values of the microclimate of environmental factors that must be created in a greenhouse to obtain the maximum yield at minimum cost [3; 5]. Relevance now, of course, the application of the most modern technologies. Dominated by greenhouses, which can effectively manage the microclimate and plant protection. Currently, priority is given to yield and product quality. Biological crop protection, rainwater irrigation, reverse drainage and bumblebee pollination are environmentally friendly technologies that significantly improve yields and product quality.
There is a high probability of errors in the use of mineral and organic fertilizers, pesticides, industrial waste in the cultivation of vegetables in industrial greenhouses, which dramatically worsens the quality of the product and the environment. When using mineral and organic fertilizers, pesticides, and waste during the cultivation of vegetables in industrial greenhouses, there is a possibility of disruption of the technological process, which worsens the quality of products and the environmental situation.
Contamination of food products with pesticide residues and excessive doses of mineral fertilizers, according to V. I. Korobkin et al., has increased significantly in recent years. The authors argued that the link between population growth and the level of chemical burden had been convincingly proven [7]. Therefore, to maintain the ecological purity of the obtained products, it is necessary to study in detail the methods of cultivation and a comparative assessment of their impact on the growth, development, and productivity of greenhouse tomatoes. Circulation systems need to be used extensively to conserve water and reduce the impact on the environment. Thus, technologies for the formation and assembly of greenhouses, modern developments in ventilation systems, robotization of the main processes that maintain a constant temperature and humidity, as well as microclimate control are the basic environmental aspects of the sustainability and functioning of greenhouses.
The control of environmental parameters is the main advantage of agriculture, which consists in optimizing the parameters for growing agricultural or flower crops in a protected field. Today's requirements are a high-quality urban and safe environment. The creation of flowering photocompositions in a certain area will improve aesthetically, enhance the role of psychological relief for a person. Green architecture requires a lot of seedlings of different types of flower plants. The largest share of greenhouses is now used for growing ornamental plants. This requirement can be met, especially in a harsh and critical climate, by obtaining seedlings in greenhouses.

Materials and methods
The aim of the study was to create and optimize the use of low-cost eco-microclimate conditions in greenhouses using natural resources, to identify the environmental aspects of the functioning of greenhouses and their microclimatic parameters necessary to obtain highquality agricultural products and seedlings of ornamental plants.
The following tasks were identified to achieve this goal: 1.
Methodological study of ecological microclimate processes in greenhouses and application of similar general scientific research methods; 2. To determine the processes of positive impact on the quality of the ecological aspects of the correct and optimized operation of sustainable greenhouse agroecosystems.

3.
Determination of temperature levels that ensure optimal physiological and biochemical processes in plants, determination of microclimate energy consumption optimization features.
The study used (1) comparative analysis, statistical method, evaluation method, economic analysis of the results, analysis of available materials and the formation of a new approach; verification of results; (2) substantiation of the significance of the problem; identification of the main research methods used to study the problem of greenhouse management, including measurement and data processing; (3) registration and control of environmental parameters; (4) bibliographic and retrospective reviews.

Results and discussion
The environmental aspect is the need to obtain high-quality and safe crop products. Compliance with the established norms and rules for the processing of soil used in greenhouses creates a kind of environmental safety and environmental control at all stages of production. An important environmental aspect of the need and the creation of greenhouses is the contamination of crop products, including radioactive elements.
In greenhouse complexes, fungicides and insecticides are used to control the level of disease and the number of pests in flower seedlings. In this regard, an important step in the primary environmental assessment of the soil is the control of its phytotoxicity. One of the ecological directions can be in the study of objects in greenhouse complexes.
A modern greenhouse is a complex system with many input parameters. Considering these features create favorable conditions for obtaining plants. In general, the parameters are temperature and internal humidity, which determine the yield of plants, their resistance and susceptibility to diseases. It should be noted that plant tolerance to biotic stresses, expressed in terms of damage by pathogenic microorganisms and pests, as well as the ability of the plant to maintain viability, should be minimized in greenhouses. The paths to tolerance to pests and diseases are multiple and expressed on different scales. The ability of greenhouses to compensate for reduced resource consumption and the production of new systems by remobilizing plant reserves using modern technology will all help mitigate the effects of biotic stress. It is necessary to substantiate the factors and relevance of increasing agricultural production, as well as to provide scientific directions for its development. Undoubtedly, production can be increased by developing and implementing suitable technologies to ensure food security, in particular: 1. The growing population of the planet requires an increase in food production, which makes it necessary to influence plants of a given genetic composition with factors that affect growth: light, temperature, air. With the content and nature of the nutrient medium recommended for growing crops, must be modified, scientifically validated and lead to the maximization of the yield; 2. In greenhouses, all environmental parameters can be controlled or changed accordingly, therefore, a person can directly influence the quality of the products obtained. Various parameters of the microclimate during any season inside the greenhouse, by modifying the crop environment, create the prerequisites for the development of scientific research in this area; 3. Inside the greenhouse, all parameters must be precisely controlled to successfully cultivate plants and improve production.
It is important to note that the basic aspect of successful operation and high productivity in greenhouses is control, which can be carried out either manually or using an automatic system. This automatic control system is now popular and is used everywhere in greenhouses. It includes the measurement and processing of data; in general, this is the registration and control of environmental parameters [11; 12].
Professional control of the state of parameters in greenhouses will be formed based on maintaining a constant and required temperature and air humidity in the greenhouse, mainly maintaining an optimum balance. If we define the climate of a greenhouse as a "macroclimate", then the immediate climate surrounding the plants is called the "microclimate" of the plants.
Now the processes of predicting the above parameters are the most popular, as they allow you to see the dependence of the yield of the crop because of the influence of lighting, changes in carbon dioxide values, humidity on the microclimatic characteristic of a closed agroecosystem. Environmental measurements from various sensors spatially distributed in greenhouse crops can be used to compile an accurate and detailed description of the climate in different areas of the greenhouse.
It is known that greenhouse climate control is not perfect at the production level, and this factor is not considered as a function of characteristics that depend on the design of the greenhouse, which cannot be changed during its service life. Greenhouses are a closed environment within which the temperature rises due to a coating that traps radiation and reduces airflow into the structure.
World economic crises do not contribute to the development of the greenhouse industry. It has been established that the microclimate is changing and will be determined both by the structure of the crop and the species specificity of plants, their biological characteristics, and the principles of unified management of the greenhouse ecosystem. Uniform control of the greenhouse microclimate does not guarantee a uniform microclimate. Using this variability in vegetation cover and the influence of control variables (e.g., predicting temperature, humidity) on the microclimate, we can identify disease-prone areas, better predict yields, and understand the impact of new technologies on the microclimate before they are established (Table 1). Table 1. Microclimatic characteristics of a modern greenhouse.

№
Variable parameter characteristic Rationale

Quality ventilation system
It is necessary to reduce only the increased. In general, there is no air stabilization, which optimizes the level and reduction of plant diseases in greenhouses.

Use of the cooling system in the greenhouse
There is a decrease in temperature to 10° C, providing optimal physiological and biochemical processes in plants, therefore, their resistance increases. influences plants and there is no yield loss.

3.
The optimal level of carbon dioxide in the air Secondary use of thermal energy. Optimization of the heating process.
Source: Compiled by the authors. During research in greenhouses, it is important to control such a parameter as air temperature. The air temperature in the greenhouse can vary, the microclimate of plants is strongly influenced by the structure of plants, which is determined by the vertical-horizontal structure of the plant, as well as by the leaf area parameter. The greenhouse microclimate can be measured by the following basic variables (egg leaf and fruit temperature, humidity, light transmission, vapor pressure deficit, carbon dioxide) at a density required for meaningful predictions for most growers [13].
In general, the following ecological aspects of the functioning of closed agroecosystems can be identified sustainability is ensured through a significant energy-efficient investment of resources and energy to maintain stability. Since almost significantly increases the withdrawal of products constantly over a long period.
The autotrophic link becomes dominant and determines the microclimatic parameters of the environment. The flows of substances have an exit with extraction from the ecosystem.
The loss of soil colloids, a constant factor in minimizing soil fertility, is due to excess oxidation and degradation of organic matter in the greenhouse ecosystem.
In addition, intensive mineralization occurs simultaneously at high rates, and this causes the loss of soil mobile elements.
The authors note that the main functions of agroecosystems are limited to providing the means for human life; this is another ecological aspect of the formation and existence of the goal setting of a greenhouse type ecosystem. Thus, the dominance of the resource-intensive type of functioning is noted. An increase in the yield of crops grown in greenhouses is accompanied by a significant increase in their energy intensity. It has been established that the law of approaching ecological balance in agroecosystems occurs by ensuring the maximum closure of substance cycles, minimizing the amount of anthropogenic energy, and increasing biological diversity.
Human activity makes noticeable adjustments to the processes of mass exchange and energy, and affects and changes their territorial and temporal characteristics. So, thanks to the discovery of the nitrogen cycle, under the influence of the chemistry of the planet's agroecosystems, the planet accumulates in water and soil and does not return about 9 million tons of this element to the atmosphere. Agriculture changes the intensity and ways of movement in the cycle of matter and energy flows. It is especially dangerous to include artificially synthesized substances, including xenobiotics, in circulation.
In a controlled agricultural ecosystem, the distribution of nutrients changes, which reduces the transfer of direct producers to consumers (consumers), as well as the subsequent necessary change in the supply of these substances. This is caused using pesticides in agroecosystems, carrying out agro-technical measures (regulatory factor). Characteristically, after the sealing of plant residues during subsequent tillage, the activity of restoration increases. It is important that the normal ("conservative") circulation of nutrients is changed by managing the agroecosystem, increasing the rate of their transition to an abiotic state. In agroecosystems, the natural properties of self-regulation are altered or suppressed, resulting in a decrease in biotic stability.
In the future, the maximum approximation of the properties of artificial formations to the properties of natural formations should be ensured. For this, agroecological decisions should be made based on considering the characteristics of mass transportation and energy exchange in agricultural ecosystems [1; 3].
It has been found that an optimally designed ventilation system will improve climate control and optimize energy efficiency. Ventilation is related to such factors as the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air, temperature, and humidity, which directly affect the growth and development of crops. It is determined that ventilation affects the T° of the greenhouse. With high solar radiation, uniform circulation of atmospheric air with the greenhouse is necessary to remove excess Q.
Accordingly, this can be indicated as another ecological aspect of the correct and optimized functioning of a sustainable greenhouse agroecosystem.
Inadequate ventilation leads to overheating and increased evaporation, which results in plant water stress and physiological disturbances, including fruit destruction and flower and fruit death. On the other hand, natural ventilation promotes the removal of excess moisture, including from the air layer in the leaf area, which causes its harmful condensation.
Poor ventilation has a negative effect on the composition of indoor air, mainly by reducing the concentration of carbon dioxide. Therefore, it is also an important environmental aspect that needs to be considered when conducting research. For floriculture, it is also important that crops grow evenly in the greenhouse. It is due to air circulation that a uniform microclimate is created in the greenhouse and the risk of plant diseases and moisture damage is limited [14; 15].
Microclimate control in greenhouses is an important issue in agricultural practice due to the frequent sudden daily changes in climatic conditions and its potentially detrimental effects on plant growth. It is found that the forecast of the outdoor temperature at a certain point in time, as well as based on the rules for controlling the air temperature and air speed that regulate the microclimate in the room, it is possible to regulate the comfort conditions for agricultural or flower crops.
World economic crises do not contribute to the development of greenhouse management. Even the most attractive area is the production of vegetable products.
Automation of this production facilitates the process of growing plants. Modern-level typological greenhouses are high in format and sealed, allowing the implementation of advanced and adapted technologies for obtaining agricultural products, including highquality and safe vegetables, ornamental, and medicinal plants.
However, the following shortcomings are revealed in the production process, such as the manifestation of overheating, temperature shock due to cold air descending during ventilation, and energy consumption increases [16; 17].
However, these options for technological solutions do not allow controlling the excess φ of air, and the greenhouse is possibly ventilated. A "semi-closed" greenhouse cannot be completely closed [18; 19].
Thus, modern technologies are developing in the following directions, in the construction of a greenhouse and microclimate control, the development of hybrids and crop selection. These factors improve all performance, overall quality, and properties of the product, allowing plants to unlock their genetic yield potential [20; 21]. Among the new technologies for maintaining and controlling the microclimate, hangar-type greenhouses are promising [22], since the convection of air flows does not change there, and the natural state is maintained to the maximum.
The study results show that in terms of creating environmentally friendly technologies, F. Liu is interested in the chemical regulation of plant growth by pre-treatment of seeds and plants in the vegetative stage with growth regulators. Small doses of growth regulators reduce the risk of negative effects on organisms [8]. Their justified use helps reduce the norms of chemical preservatives, which increases the environmental friendliness of vegetable products, and confirms the results [9].
Search and comparison of the main indicators of modern greenhouse farms in order to determine the optimal microclimate parameters for obtaining high-quality agricultural products and conducting research. For the formation of sustainable and promising greenhouses, the method of analysis and comparison of evidence-based and practically confirmed data presented in publications was used [6].
Closed ground allows one to significantly expand the range, and thereby diversify our diet. Closed ground is a global trend, especially for countries with harsh climates.
The main tasks that need to be solved in greenhouses in relation to the soil are to prevent its depletion, to prevent its infection with pathogenic organisms and pests, and to disinfect it if the infection does occur [10]. As is known, the use of pesticides leads to the emergence of populations that are resistant to the action of these poisons. Therefore, the use of pesticides in greenhouses is the number one problem.
Food is the main source of energy for humans. The promotion of a healthy lifestyle has created a need for more herbal products. Greenhouse technologies create a certain microclimate even in harsh soil and climatic conditions. It is possible and feasible to meet the needs of the population in high-quality products by creating modern greenhouse complexes created and operating with minimal energy consumption.
Innovations in the energy, plant, automation, and process industries are making a significant contribution to solving this problem. New technologies also make it possible to study plants and improve their cultivation parameters, which, in turn, improves the quality of vegetable plants, increases yields, factorial disease resistance, and improves the entire production process. The main advantage of a horticultural greenhouse is off-season production during periods when this is not possible on open land. The main problem is the high costs of building greenhouse complexes, providing infrastructure and creating conditions for plant growth, especially during unfavorable seasons. Considering these factors, the main trend recently is the reduction in the creation and expansion of the construction and capacities of new generation semi-closed greenhouses.
Environmental aspects in the greenhouse should be considered in the context of microclimate management.
Factors affecting the quality of products grown indoors are the following: temperature, humidity, carbon dioxide content, depending on the periods of vegetation, growth, fruiting of crops.

Conclusion
The main methods that are used in the environmentally sustainable aspects of operation are as follows: use of drip irrigation, soils are used mineral wool, greenhouses are much higher, curtains are used, double glazing, container growing of plants. Modern modernization of microclimatic parameters is aimed at modernizing various systems, ventilation, air conditioning, heating with appropriate control systems and coating materials, and measures to reduce energy consumption. Maintaining an optimal microclimate improves the quality and productivity of greenhouse products, so many farmers try to control temperature changes in the greenhouse as much as possible during the day. To do this, it is enough to automate the collection of data on the temperature and moisture of the soil, the intensity of light and the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air. Irrigation management, lighting, ventilation, and heating in greenhouses can be fully automated for more efficient results.
In the future, in cooperation with the Ministry of Agriculture, we aim to introduce automated micro-clerical eco-technologies in all regions of the country.