Importance of the correct organization of papillonage in sericulture

. According to the history of sericulture, the domestication and utilization of the silkworm as a source of silk began in the Shang-tung province of China around 3000 BC, and silk weaving began 2700 BC. Only intimate members of the imperial family and women of high birth were allowed to work in the manufacture of cocoons and silk in ancient China, which was considered to be nearly holy. From ancient times, the Chinese have rigorously controlled the breeding of silkworms and the monopoly of silk, safeguarding the lucrative business with regulations that make it illegal to receive raw silk, disclose methods for producing cocoons, or even have the desire to export silk. This article deals with sericulture in general, its grain production, the role of papillonage in pedigree sericulture stations, where pre-breeding grain is prepared, super-elite and elite, in grain factories where hybrid or industrial grain is prepared for the production of industrial windows in farms and other farms.


Introduction
From the history of sericulture, it is known that for the first time the silkworm was domesticated and used as a silk producer in the Shang-tung province of China, about 3000 BC, and silk weaving was practiced 2700 BC. The production of cocoons and silk in China was almost sacred [1]; only close people of the imperial family and women of high birth could engage in this craft. The Chinese have strictly protected silkworm breeding and the monopoly of silk for many centuries and protected the successful industry with laws according to which the disclosure of methods and methods for the production of cocoons and the receipt of raw silk, as well as the desire to bring it beyond the borders, was punishable by death. It was not until the 3rd century BC that sericulture began to spread to other parts of the Asian continent [2,3].
Sericulture entered the territory of real Uzbekistan in the 4th century AD, and for almost more than 19 centuries, this integral part of the agrarian sector of the republic has been successfully functioning. In terms of the production of silk cocoons, Uzbekistan is at the forefront in the world and ranks third after China and India. In recent years, silk cocoons in the amount of 22-24 thousand tons have been stably harvested in the republic, and this year it is planned to produce 26 thousand tons [4]. Although the potential opportunities on this issue we have in Uzbekistan are very large. There is a sufficient forage base for this, in the Grenage is a set of production and biological processes for the preparation of healthy, viable and highly productive silkworm grena [10]. Production and biological operations for the preparation of grena include: 1) cultivation of silkworm caterpillars, usually called pedigree rearing, under optimal conditions, in order to obtain high quality pedigree cocoons; 2) sequential selection of cocoons, and then butterflies in order to obtain grena from the latter; 3) microscopic examination of butterflies to establish their infestation in order to select exclusively healthy clutches; 4) mechanical cleaning and storage of grena at different stages until its implementation. Grena is produced in three categories: super-elite, elite and industrial. The production of super-elite and elite grena is concentrated at pedigree sericulture stations, and industrial grena is produced at grenage factories.

Materials and methods
In practical sericulture, silkworm grains are prepared using two different methods: a) biological method; b) cellular method.
In Uzbekistan, as in many other states engaged in sericulture, the cellular method is used. This method, proposed by the French scientist L. Pasteur in the second half of the 19th century, is based on the separate isolation of female butterflies after mating and the mandatory microscopic analysis of butterflies for diseases, which guarantees the purity and quality of grena as much as possible. A good grena is considered to be grena that revives well when incubated, giving healthy, pebrine-free, strong caterpillars when revived, giving high-yielding, regular, well-formed cocoons when curled.
Proper organization of breeding stock is one of the essential elements for the successful operation of a grain mill. Breeding rearings ensure the supply of the grenaging plant with the necessary amount of breeding raw material, guarantee the quality of this material to the grenaging plant and enable it to achieve the maximum economic effect in its work. The sorting of pedigree batches, cocoons practiced at grenage plants is a mass selection of cocoons mainly according to external features and volume, given that the size of the cocoons is in inverse proportion to silkiness, then this method of selecting pedigree cocoons is not entirely correct. Therefore, the selection of breeding batches of cocoons for the tribe, precisely according to silkiness, would be a more effective method for preparing highly productive high-quality grena.

Results and discussions
After receiving and sorting in pedigree sericulture stations, pedigree cocoons are placed in papillon cages, on beds, whatnots, cassettes and other implements in a layer of two or three cocoons until the butterflies emerge. It has been established that butterflies begin to emerge from their cocoons at dawn around 4 am, and soon after the release they mate and remain paired. The workers remove the paired butterflies on special trays and at the same time monitor the appearance of the emerging butterflies and eliminate all those that are less mobile or abnormally formed, butterflies with wrinkled wings, with wing veins turned into bubbles filled with a dark liquid, butterflies with abnormally enlarged, swollen abdomen, with dark spots between the rings of the abdomen, with gray-lead spots on the abdomen and wings, very large and small in constitution.
And in grenage factories, where industrial -hybrid silkworm grits are prepared, the currently used method consists in carrying out breeding breeding, sorting breeding cocoons, dividing them by sex on ADK or OPK machines, placing the separated cocoons in papillon inventory, collecting butterflies emerging from cocoons into paper bags for laying grena with subsequent microanalysis of butterflies.
The applied technological process for the production of grain, which was established back in the 40s of the last century, based on manual labor, is very imperfect and is characterized by the following disadvantages: -subjectivity of manual (visual) sorting of cocoons by indirect signs, depending on the experience and qualifications of the worker, which leads to a decrease in the productive qualities of breeds and to an increased consumption of breeding cocoons to obtain 1 kg. grains.
-the inefficiency of the weight method for separating cocoons by sex -the division error reaches 20%, and 40% of cocoons are not separated by sex at all, which is the main reason for the clogging of breeding and industrial hybrid grena, grena of less productive pure breeds.
-imperfection in the performance of the processes of papillonage work and the associated dustiness of production facilities, leading to a significant deterioration in working conditions and a decrease in labor productivity, as well as to allergic diseases of workers.
-the inefficiency of the methods used to isolate female butterflies for laying grena in isolation bags and the need to transplant them to separate the daily portion of grena, which requires additional costs for the annual production of expensive disposable paper bags and high labor costs.
-preparation of preparations for microanalysis of butterflies and washing of used equipment is carried out by primitive methods -manually, which does not ensure complete removal of the remains of the bodies of butterflies and pebrine spores.
-zero level of mechanization of the work performed, when 80-85% of labor-intensive operations are performed using manual labor.
For these and other reasons, the hybrid grain currently being prepared, according to a number of researchers, is approximately 70-75% clogged with grain of the original breeds, which does not give the desired effect from hybridization and leads to a decrease in the productive and quality indicators of produced cocoons. Due to the annual decline in the quality of the grena produced, the silkworm breeds and their hybrids have almost completely lost their original properties, their productivity and other properties are declining. That is, the power of heterosis in production is used by only 1/4.
To eliminate the above shortcomings in the existing methods for preparing tribal and industrial hybrid grena, to improve the quality of the produced, the efficiency of its preparation, a different technology is proposed.
The essence of the proposed technology consists of the following processes. Sorting of cocoons at the end of the feeding of silkworm caterpillars in breeding farms, the resulting cocoons are delivered to grenage factories or breeding sericulture stations. After acceptance and quality assessment, breeding cocoons are placed in beds and stored in barns, from where they are delivered in batches to the workshop for sorting.
Peeled cocoons by the device for calibration (OVSHK) are divided by diameter into three main fractions -small, medium and large. At the same time, the calibration device is adjusted in such a way that at least 60-65% of the total mass of cocoons gets into the middle fraction. To remove some defective cocoons, capercaillie cocoons, missed by the calibration device, one experienced worker performs additional sorting of the middle fraction of cocoons. For breeding purposes, that is, to obtain grena, only the average fraction of cocoons is taken, this method allows increasing the number of cocoons selected per tribe by 1.2-1.3 times and increasing labor productivity by 6-8 times.
Separation of cocoons by sex -in the future, the cocoons of the middle fraction are divided by sex on an improved ADK device into three groups of -males, indeterminate and females. At the same time, the setting should be made in such a way that the group of female cocoons is 32-36% with a division error of no more than 5-6%, cocoons of an indefinite group 35-45%, and males 22-28% of the total number of shared cocoons. To do this, when setting up the ADK device, for the average weight of cocoons (sample -100 pieces of cocoons), the tongues of the groove distributor, depending on the batch of cocoons, are set to + 0.1-0.15, division in order to expand the zone of origin of an indefinite group and narrow the groups of males and females, while the balancing weight of the weight device is set to the average weight of the cocoon + 0.1 g.
The optimal position of the tongues is found by adjusting them and passing samples of cocoons through the ADK until a minimum error is found within 5-6% and a percentage distribution into three groups, within the above limits. For papillonage, we select the cocoons of the female and an indefinite group, the group of males is culled, that is, they are handed over as industrial ones. Butterflies-males from an indefinite group and a group of females are used twice.
The quick exit of butterflies from cocoons is recognized by the deaf noise that the butterfly makes inside the cocoon, freeing itself from the pupal skin, one end of the cocoon, just before the butterfly leaves the cocoon, is moistened with a liquid secreted by the butterfly from the crop and softens the cocoon shell in a moistened place. Starting at dawn, the exit of butterflies from cocoons usually ends at about 10-12 o'clock in the afternoon, the maximum exit of butterflies is observed from 6:00 to 8:00 in the morning, the males are the first to leave the butterflies more often, the females are placed in special trays that can be pointed one at another. In the twilight, the males sit more calmly than in the light, the trays should be equipped with holes for ventilation, at the end of the exit from the cocoons, mainly females come out, so until this moment, males should be kept in reserve, even those that have already been paired can be left for this purpose males of the previous days of release. The exit of butterflies from cocoons in a batch lasts 6-12 days, from the first exit of butterflies, about a hundred males are taken for the second control preliminary study on the infestation of the party with pebrine, based on the results of this study, it is determined, since female butterflies can be planted in one insulating bag one at a time, two or three (Table 1).  According to our observations, the duration of the butterflies emergence period depends on the breed of silkworm, the rate of cocoon curling, the period for collecting cocoons from cocoons, the correctness of the formation of the batch, the conditions for storing cocoons and the environment in the papillon room. The maximum yield of butterflies is observed from the second to the fifth day inclusive, the yield of butterflies for these four days is about 80%.
Determining the release date of butterflies -the method developed by scientists for determining the release date of butterflies is based on the study of many batches of cocoons taken for papillonage. The yield of butterflies for each batch of cocoons is natural (Table 1). All batches of the same breed follow this pattern exactly or with some slight deviations, therefore, the process of butterflies hatching at the grenage plant can be planned in advance for each batch or series of batches of cocoons.
First of all, it is necessary to determine the estimated number of female butterflies and the date of the first day of their release. To do this, you need to take the weight of cocoons in the entire batch (M) and calculate how many cocoons (n) are contained in a unit of weight. Multiplying the weight of the cocoons of the batch by the number of cocoons per unit of weight, we find out the total number of cocoons (in pieces) in the entire batch. This number must be divided in half to find out the number of females, the ratio of which to males is 1: 1.
The estimated date of the first day of the release of the butterflies is set depending on the period of the first preliminary analysis of the pupae, assuming that after that the butterflies emerge in two to three days. The actual output is determined by the moment of taking the average sample of butterflies from the batch for the second preliminary analysis.
Knowing the total number of butterflies in a batch and the pattern of their release, it is not difficult to determine the yield of butterflies for each day of the papillonage period for each batch of cocoons.
For calculations, you can use the following formula: Where: Q -the number of emerging butterflies on a given day;M -total weight of cocoons; n -the number of cocoons per unit weight; R -daily yield of butterflies as a percentage The yields for all batches are summarized. This results in a fairly large number of digital data. To reduce the statistical work, calculations can be made not for each batch, but for the sum of the batch, characterized by the same maturity of cocoons. Take for example three batches of cocoons. In this case, the formula will look like this: In the case when the number of cocoons per unit weight in different batches is the same or approximately the same, the formula will have an even more simplified form: The amount of labor costs in the papillonage process is determined by the number of emerging butterflies. Suppose that one worker manages to mate 23,000 female butterflies within 2 hours, or steam 20,000 butterflies in an eight-hour working day, or isolate 3,000 butterflies in the same period when planting one butterfly in a bag and 4,800 when planting two butterflies. From this it is not difficult to calculate the required amount of labor power of each qualification for the performance of papillonage work for each day. Using the method we have proposed, it is possible to draw up a plan for the release of butterflies, as well as the required amount of labor for several days in advance. Approximate calculations for the preparation of such a plan are given in the following tables (Tables 2 and 3).  One kg of raw net weight cocoons yields an average of 75 grena. The papillonage processes in themselves are not particularly complex, but the arrival of a large number of batches of cocoons at the plant within a limited period of time, the need to carry all the numerous incoming batches through the various stages of papillonage in a certain order and sequence, the need to involve significant the number of temporary workers, often completely unfamiliar with production, the need to reduce the cost of production of grena as far as possible without compromising its quality, turn papillonage into a very difficult task, requiring great knowledge, experience, skills in work and organizational skills from grener specialists.
The processes in the general form described above proceed if purebred grena is being prepared, if females and males of the same batch of cocoons are allowed to freely mate with each other, the matter becomes somewhat more complicated if hybrid grena is being prepared, if females of the same batch must be crossed with males of another batch and vice versa, males of the first batch with females of the second. In this case, it is necessary to prevent the mating of females and males of the same breed, which can be achieved in several ways.
It is very important for grenage production to know the duration of the mating of butterflies. A number of literary data indicate that the duration of mating can be very limited, since 30 minutes is enough for copulation at an air temperature of 24 °. During this time, the male ejaculates enough sperm to fertilize all of the female's eggs. However, the duration of mating is not the same in individual individuals. Therefore, in the conditions of mass production of grena, the mating of butterflies takes place over a longer period.
It is known that the success of mating depends on the air temperature, at a lower temperature a longer duration is required, and at a high temperature it is vice versa. Silkworm butterflies can remain mated for a long time. To stop this condition, it is necessary to separate them, since too long mating prevents the normal laying of eggs.
There are numerous indications of the possibility of multiple use of the same males for mating with different females. The duration of mating has a great influence on the process of oviposition. Longer mating at the same temperature accelerates the end of the laying of grena by the moth. The duration of egg laying, their quantity and quality also depend on the temperature at which grena is laid. So, at temperatures below 7 °, fertilized butterflies do not lay eggs at all, at a temperature of 10-18 degrees, the laying of grena is delayed in time. Under the influence of too low or high temperature during the mating of butterflies, the formation of a large number of unfertilized eggs is observed or the proportion of physiological marriage increases. The optimal temperature for mating butterflies and laying eggs in a production environment is considered to be a temperature in the range of 22-26 ° C.
Thus, the main factor affecting all vital functions of butterflies is temperature. The exit of butterflies, their preservation, mating and steaming, the quantity, quality and rate of deposition of grena and, finally, the life span of butterflies, as well as the subsequent development of grena, depend on the air temperature. The Tbilisi Research Institute of Sericulture has established the following temperature zones for silkworm butterflies.
Relative air humidity in the range of 60-80% is considered the most favorable for silkworm butterflies. Other factors also have one or another influence on the mating of butterflies, as well as on the deposition of grena. Thus, illumination affects both mating results and the rate of grena laying. It is believed that the best effect when mating butterflies is obtained in slightly darkened rooms, and when laying grena, even in the dark. When mating butterflies, there should not be a strong movement of air, otherwise they are often arbitrarily steamed, and when mating butterflies of different breeds, an increase in the number of unfertilized eggs was noticed.
In the biology of the silkworm, the ecological conditions for the mating of butterflies have been studied in some detail, but such an important issue from the point of view of agrobiology as selective fertilization has been little studied. The skillful use of selective fertilization in sericulture increases the resistance of the silkworm to diseases and increases productivity. V. A. Srunnikov experimentally developed a method of selective fertilization for the silkworm, using a uniform displacement of the spermatozoa of several males, encouraging results were obtained.
More careful monitoring of mating and selection of defective butterflies largely ensures the production of high-quality grena. Leaving defective butterflies (mostly infected with diseases, weakened, large and small) entails obtaining a large amount of unfertilized grena, which reduces its yield per unit of raw material, and also worsens its quality.
2 hours after the start of work, that is, by about 9:00 in the morning, all the butterflies of one day of release should be in a paired state, by this time it is necessary to complete the selection of defective butterflies. Workers begin to perform the second part of the work on steaming and isolating butterflies, experienced, qualified workers are involved in steaming, who can quickly distinguish a female from a male in appearance, as well as having dexterity and speed of hand movement.
To study butterflies for infection with pebrine, a sample of 100 male butterflies is taken from each batch, which were erroneously included in the group of females when cocoons were broken down by sex. Each butterfly is microscopically examined individually; if pebrine is found in male butterflies, the batch is completely rejected, all bags with grena clutches from the infected batch are burned on the same day. In order to reduce the clogging of the hybrid grena, purebred, they organize early morning shifts and manual collection of butterflies erroneously allocated by the ADK devices to the wrong group, mainly male butterflies from an indefinite and female group, the collector must complete each collection period of such butterflies within 30 minutes. After this time, it is necessary to start collecting males and mated butterflies again.
The duration of the mating of butterflies should be at least two hours, and if the males are used again, 2-3 hours. During papillonage, butterflies and grena should be protected from attack by pests and rodents, after the end of papillonage, a sample of 500 cocoons is taken from each batch of cocoons from different places, the sample is sorted into perforated cocoons with emerging butterflies and cocoons not perforated. In the group of nonperforated ones, the number of cocoons with not hatched butterflies and dead caterpillars and pupae is determined, the content of cocoons with dead caterpillars and pupae should not exceed 5%, with non-emergence butterflies -10%. If the percentage of cocoons with dead caterpillars and pupae is more than the established norms, then the grena prepared from these batches of cocoons is transferred to the reserve and allowed for processing and sale with the permission of the Republican Sericulture Department of Uzbekistan.

Conclusions
For the successful development of sericulture, pedigree work and silkworm grenade are of great importance. Breeding work consists in breeding new and improving existing silkworm breeds with high productivity, and grenage, reproduction of zoned breeds and hybrids in super-elite, elite and hybrid reproductions. Grenage backwaters receive elite grena from the silk station and sell it in areas where breeding breeding grounds are located. From breeding cocoons, the plant prepares industrial grena and sells it to farms. As you know, sericulture is one of the potentially important sectors of the agrarian sector of the republic. With the transition to a new form of farming, the number of farmers of dekhkan farms and clusters engaged in sericulture is increasing day by day. Every year, more than 400 thousand households in the republic are engaged in the cultivation of silkworm caterpillars.
At present, there are 14 grenage factories and 3 pedigree sericulture stations in the republic. The grenage plants existing in Uzbekistan, with an annual capacity of more than 600 thousand boxes of grain, have been producing about 180-200 thousand boxes in recent years, that is, they operate at 1/3 of the design capacity. Due to the occurrence of diseases and not at the proper level of organization of the processes for preparing silkworm grena, especially papillonage, the specific yield of grena from 1 kg of live cocoons is only 35-40 g. in addition, according to the results of the State Control, another 20-25% of the prepared toast is rejected, hence the volume of the prepared toast is less than 50% of the required volume of the country in the silkworm hain, the missing part of the grena is annually forced to provide by the association "Uzbekipaksanoat" due to the import of low-quality grena.
The regulated technological process for the production of hybrid grena established at these enterprises, which was established back in the 50s of the last century, is imperfect, as it is based on manual-organoleptic selection of cocoons for a tribe, the use of the weight principle of dividing cocoons by sex, the use of insulating paper bags for laying by butterflies grena, which does not provide high-quality selection of cocoons for a tribe, an increase in the productivity of breeds and, of course, the quality of grena.
The prepared pedigree and industrial grain does not meet the needs of the republic in grain and lags behind foreign analogues in quality. Therefore, obtaining high-quality hybrid grain is primarily associated with the need to radically change the existing technology of grain production. In the short term, the development of the sericulture industry of the republic is aimed mainly at the production of high-quality silkworm cocoons that meet the needs of the external market, first of all, this depends on the availability of highly productive breeds and hybrids of silkworms in the production, highly efficient grenage production technology, that is, on the quantity and quality of the produced hybrid grain.
For many years, there has been no breed change in the industry; breeds and hybrids with low productive indicators are fed in production. The introduction of new promising, national hybrids into production significantly increases the yield of cocoons, while the specific consumption of cocoons and, in general, labor costs decrease, the unwinding of cocoons of a new domestic selection exceeds the basic industrial hybrids in terms of silkiness by 4.4%, the quality of cocoons -9.4 and at the same time the specific consumption of dry cocoons to obtain 1 kg of raw silk is reduced by 20.4%. Subject to agrotechnical conditions, these national hybrids are able to produce a stable high yield of cocoons with good technological performance.