Species composition, damage and methods of protection from pests in the greenhouse

. As vegetable crops are essential for feeding the world's population, significant effort is put into growing environmentally friendly food while also raising production, reducing prices, and improving export potential. In the world, 2.496 million hectares of land are planted with cucumbers, producing 83.8 million tonnes of vegetables yearly. At 65 million tonnes, China is in first place, followed by Iran, Russia, Turkey, and the United States. Vegetable crops are essential for feeding the world's population, which implies their significance in ensuring food security. Additionally, the text mentions that efforts are being made to cultivate ecologically sound produce, increase productivity, and enhance export potential. Results showed that the pest caused a sharp decrease in carbohydrate levels in plant stems and roots, disrupted photosynthesis and metabolism in leaves, and caused changes in leaf shape. Severe damage could result in plant death and reduced yields. The effectiveness of three chemical insecticides, namely Xen pin R, Cruiser, and Viospilan, against aphids was tested. Xen pin R and Cruiser showed high efficacy against aphids, resulting in 94.3-98.2% and 84.4-90.0% yield on the 21st and 14th day, respectively.


Introduction
Vegetable crops are crucial for feeding the global population, and considerable efforts are devoted to cultivating ecologically sound produce, increasing productivity, lowering costs, and enhancing export potential [1][2][3][4]. Cucumbers are planted across 2.496 million hectares worldwide, yielding 83.8 million tonnes of produce annually. China leads the pack with 65 million tonnes, followed by Iran, Russia, Turkey, and the United States [5].
However, sucking pests pose a significant threat to crop productivity worldwide. In many crop species, damage, distribution, bioecology, phenology, and integrated management of sucking pests have been studied to some degree [6]. Various systematic families of pests, including greenhouse mites, plant aphids, thrips, spider mites, autumn nightshade, worm, pore-forming flies, nematodes, and others, damage cucumber crops grown in modern and local greenhouse conditions, diminishing yield and quality. The yield of plants can be impacted by up to 40-50%, and in some greenhouses, even up to 50-60% perish [7]. The growing number of greenhouses in recent years has led to a rise in pest harmfulness, resulting in lower productivity and inferior quality. Therefore, considerable attention is focused on the biological traits, development, population formation, and eradication of the detrimental effects of sucking pests found in greenhouses, using modern and economical methods and tools to combat them [8].
Various types of sucking and gnawing pests of vegetable crops significantly damage the quality and quantity of crops in greenhouses and open fields, depending on the soil and climatic conditions of the region. Rust mite and other pests, such as mites, aphids, thrips, and spider mites, cause crop damage in different locations [9]. Effective pest control measures were achieved by studying the species composition of pests and implementing scientifically-based control measures.Spider mites, belonging to the Aleyrodidae family of the Homoptera family, are polyphagous insects that cause severe damage primarily to vegetable crops worldwide, according to foreign experts. Greenhouse mites are heat-loving pests that continuously develop in greenhouses from early spring to late autumn, giving 9-10 generations per year [10]. Their life span, egg-laying, and viability depend on environmental factors such as temperature, relative humidity, and plant species.In Uzbekistan, a scientist identified four types of spider mites belonging to the subfamily Aleyrodidae, including greenhouse spider mites, cotton spider mites, citrus spider mites, and cabbage spider mites [1][2][3][4][5][6][7].
In greenhouse conditions, the greenhouse spider reproduces continuously throughout the year and is resistant to cold, allowing it to survive in greenhouses and apartments. Scientific research has shown that the greenhouse spider is biologically distinct from other spiders in that it is fertile and does not have a preference for plant species [4][5][6][7][8]. Aphids are soft, small insects that cause damage to a wide range of crops. They come in two forms, wingless and winged, with the latter having two pairs of wings, the first of which is longer than the second. Aphids are omnivorous pests that damage 46 types of agricultural plants and give birth 15-24 times during the season [6][7][8][9]. Research has shown that aphids affect all agricultural crops mainly during the growth period, accumulating in leaves, stems, and fruits and reducing plant productivity and quality due to contamination with sticky sap during photosynthesis and metabolism [8][9][10].

Materials and methods
Thrips are small, fast-moving insects that belong to the phleothripids family and feed on a variety of agricultural crops. They have unique development characteristics compared to other insects and cause serious damage to plants during specific periods [4][5][6][7]9]. The tobacco thrips is an omnivorous pest that damages all types of agricultural crops, mainly vegetables and sugar crops, by collecting on young leaves and absorbing plant sap, which negatively affects plant development [6][7][8]. Scientific research has shown that tobacco thrips breeding occurs up to seven times throughout the summer, with each female laying up to 100 eggs during development. Damage caused by the tobacco thrips includes weakened and damaged leaves, slowed plant development, and sometimes the death of young plants [6][7][8][9].
We have conducted research on the measures to combat the damage of the greenhouse spider mite in the cucumber plant grown in the greenhouse. Experiments on the study of the harmfulness coefficient and the criterion of the economic risk amount of greenhouse dust were conducted at the farm of "Shamurod oglu" LLC in Kibrai district of Tashkent region on the "Multistar F1 " hybrid variety [8][9][10]. The results of the experiment are presented in the table (Table 1). In an experiment involving 20 cucumber plants, the density of spider mites on the leaf surface was measured using a point system. The control group received chemical sprays to eliminate the spider mite infestation, while the experimental group was observed for changes in yield.

Results and discussion
Results showed that greenhouse aphid infestations led to significant reductions in yield, with reductions ranging from 192.5 grams to 2265.7 grams per plant, depending on the level of damage. Harmfulness coefficients were also calculated, with values ranging from 5.9% to 70.4% for different levels of damage.
The study also investigated the harmful effects of Aphis gossypii Glov on various crops, including vegetables and potatoes. Results showed that the pest caused a sharp decrease in carbohydrate levels in plant stems and roots, disrupted photosynthesis and metabolism in leaves, and caused changes in leaf shape. Severe damage could result in plant death and reduced yields. A further experiment was conducted on the coefficient of harmfulness of polizi juice in cucumber plants, with the "Superdelta F1" hybrid of cucumber used as the test crop. The density of polys sap was measured using a 5-point scale, and the control group received chemical treatment to remove the sap. Results showed that the yield was significantly affected by polizi juice infestations, with reductions in yield observed for different levels of damage (Table 2). The table provided shows that the yield of cucumbers decreases as the level of damage caused by aphids increases. The yield is 93.6 grams per plant when damage is at level 1, while it decreases to 682.4 grams, 1440 grams, and 1947 grams for levels 2, 3, and 4-5 respectively. The damage coefficient also increases with the level of damage, with level 1 having a coefficient of 3.12%, level 2 having 22.7%, level 3 having 48.1%, and levels 4-5 having a high coefficient ranging from 65.0-74%. Therefore, the economic threshold for controlling aphids in cucumber plants is determined by the density of aphids on the leaf surface, with a score of 4-5 indicating the presence of pests. To effectively control aphids, it is important to use appropriate chemical preparations and technologies in accordance with modern requirements. The economic damage caused by the pests (IZMM) must be determined before initiating chemical control, considering both the number of pests and the level of plant damage. The cost-benefit analysis should ensure that the yield benefit is at least equal to the cost of using chemical control measures.
A series of experiments were conducted in Karshi district of Kashkadarya region between 2018 and 2020 to assess the effectiveness of chemical insecticides against aphids. These experiments were conducted on hybrid forms of cucumbers planted during the autumn-winter season. Table 3 presents the findings of these experiments. Table 3. Biological effectiveness of chemical preparations tested against aphids in the greenhouse (Kashkadarya region, Karshi district "Karshi hothouse" Cucumber "Orzu F 1 " hybrid variety 2020).

# Variants
Active The effectiveness of three chemical insecticides, namely Xen pin R, Cruiser, and Viospilan, against aphids was tested. Xen pin R and Cruiser showed high efficacy against aphids, resulting in 94.3-98.2% and 84.4-90.0% yield on the 21st and 14th day, respectively. Viospilan showed efficacy of 83.5-90.3% on the 14th day and 94.2-97.9% on the 21st day. These insecticides are recommended for use in pest control at a high cost and are currently being considered for inclusion in the list of the State Chemical Commission.
Tobacco thrips (Thrips tabaci Lind) are a major pest that feed on newly emerged leaves of plants, sucking the sap and negatively impacting tissue development. Infected leaves become discolored, twisted, and photosynthesis slows down due to a decrease in carbohydrates. The pest's stinging and sucking behavior results in shiny dead plant tissue, which is clearly visible and marked. In 2020, experiments were conducted in the greenhouse of "Shomurot oglu" LLC from Qibray district to test the efficacy of several new chemical insecticides against tobacco thrips. Intermec, Cruiser, Polo, Diesel, Alfamit, and Entospilan were tested, and their efficacy was evaluated (Table 4). Manual equipment was used to apply up to 600 liters of water per hectare during the processing. Five different insecticides were tested, each at two different application rates. Observations were made 14 days after application. The results showed that all the tested insecticides had high efficacy, with Intermec, 20% n.c., achieving 88.4-92.1% efficacy at an application rate of 0.2-0.3 kg/ha, Cruiser, 20% s.e.c., achieving 84.4-86.3% efficacy, Polo, 50% sus.k., achieving 81.7-89.3% efficacy at an application rate of 0.5-1.0 l/ha per hectare, Diesel, 4.9% em.k., achieving 88.7-89.3% efficacy when applied at a rate of 0.8-1.0 kg/l, and Alfamit, 40% n.k., achieving high efficacy of 87.8-95.3% when applied at a rate of 0.3-0.4 kg/l. The recommended application rates for these insecticides were: Intermec, 20% n.kuk-0.3 kg/ha, Kreyser, 20% s.e.k.-0.2l/ha, Polo, 50% sus.k.-1.0 l/ha per ha, Diesel, 4.9% eff.-1.0 l/ha, Alfamit, 40% eff.-0.4 kg/ha. Based on their high efficacy, these insecticides have been recommended for use in high-cost production and submitted for inclusion in the list of the State Chemical Commission.