Entomophagous species of litter ( Aleyrodidae)

. There are several types of spider mites, some of which are specialized to feed on certain crops, and they are a major nuisance in agriculture. Predatory insects and mites, such as golden-eyes, semi-hardwings, cockroaches, and predatory mites, can successfully reduce the number of spider mites. The type of crop and the particular spider mite species have an impact on how successful these predators are. Spider mites are a frequently encountered agricultural pest, and there exist numerous types of spider mites that have adapted to feed on particular crops. In the experiment, various entomological instruments such as MBS-2, MBI-3, electron microscope Telsa-BS-613 from microscopes, and MEMMERT E05273 thermostat were used. In a study conducted in Turkey, 48 entomophagous species of greenhouse cockroaches were identified, of which 17 were found to be the primary species for controlling cockroach populations. A new species, Acletoxenus formosus Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae), was also identified for the first time in the Turkish fauna.


Introduction
Spider mites are a common pest in agriculture, and there are many species of spider mites, some of which are specialized to feed on specific crops [1][2][3][4]. There are several species of predatory insects and mites that can effectively control spider mite populations, including the golden-eyes, semi-hardwings, cockroaches, and predatory mites. However, the effectiveness of these predators varies depending on the type of crop and the specific species of spider mite [4][5][6][7].
In China alone, over 150 species of predatory insects and mites that feed on cotton mites have been identified. However, there is a lack of systematic analysis and evaluation of these predators for controlling spider mite populations [5][6][7][8]. Several new species of predatory insects have been identified in recent studies, including representatives of the Coccinelidae, Heteroptera, and Diptera families.
Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot, a predatory mite, has been found to be effective in controlling spider mite populations in several countries, including Israel, Italy, Cyprus, Turkey, Greece, and the USA. This species has been distributed to other countries as a biological control agent against various pests. Another effective predator in controlling spider mites in the country is Macrolophus nubilis HS, which can also destroy predatory plant lice and thrips [4][5][6][7]9]. Despite the presence of several entomophagous species in the country that feed on spider mites, there has not been a systematic analysis of their effectiveness in controlling spider mite populations. Further research is needed to evaluate the potential of these predators as biological control agents for spider mites [1][2][3][4][5][6][7].

Materials and methods
In the experiment, various entomological instruments such as MBS-2, MBI-3, electron microscope Telsa-BS-613 from microscopes, and MEMMERT E05273 thermostat were used [1][2][3][4]7]. Kh. Kh. Kimsanboev's methodology was followed for the reproduction and storage of entomophages during the rest period, while B.P. Adashkevich's methods were employed for systematic analysis of entomophagous species collected from field conditions and determination of species composition [4][5][6][7][8]. The dominance of trichogram species in agrobiocenosis was determined using K.K. Fasulati's formula. Statistical analysis of all numerical data obtained from the experiments was carried out based on A. K. Gar and B. A. Dospekhov's methods. The entomophages caught in the experiment were identified using "Opredelitel" and other sources [2-4, 9, 10].
The research was conducted in open field conditions, specifically in tomato and sunflower fields that were infested with spider mites [3][4][5]. The agrobiocenosis of 3.0 hectares of tomatoes and 2.0 hectares of sunflowers, as well as small plots of cucumber, melon, cotton, beans, and other crops, were studied as the experimental field. The study was carried out throughout the crop season, and each identified and collected sample was analyzed systematically in the laboratory [3][4][5][6][7][8]. The study aimed to examine the occurrence and population size of all entomophages encountered in agrobiocenosis, compared to spider mites.

Results and discussion
In the agrobiocenosis of Uzbekistan, a total of 27 predatory and parasitic entomophagous species belonging to seven families were identified as mite pests ( The primary food source for these species includes the eggs, larvae, nymphs, and adult imagos of spider mites. Some of these species are specialized for spider phytophagous and omnivorous species. The entomophagous species collected in Tashkent region have a higher diversity compared to the entomofauna of the agrobiocenosis of the Syrdarya region. In some agrobiocenoses, the population of spider mites can increase dramatically, despite the presence of entomophagous species. The parasite-host relationship of insects is essential for maintaining a balanced biocenosis, as a broken relationship can lead to the extinction or rapid increase of a species. Additionally, the entomophagous encounter levels were analyzed to better understand their effectiveness in managing the spider mite population.
The study examined the formation of parasite-host and predator-operator relationships among the Aqqanot's Trialeurodes vaporariorum, Bemisia tabaci, and Dialeurodes species of citrus, as well as the proportions of these relationships in different agrobiocenosis.
-//--//-+ The entomophages identified in the study included species specialized for spider phytophagous and omnivorous species. The parasite-host relationship among insects is crucial for maintaining a stable biocenosis, as disruption of this relationship can lead to dramatic increases or declines in population. The study collected entomophages from agrobiocenoses in Qibray, Zangiota, and Yangiyol districts of Tashkent region and found a higher diversity of entomophages in this area compared to the Syrdarya region. Notably, a large population of khanqizi beetles, which are mainly carnivorous omnivores, and canadillas, belonging to the family of semi-hardwing birds, were observed in Tashkent region. The study found that while the entomophagous species of spider mites managed their population to a certain extent, population increases were still observed in some agrobiocenoses depending on the type of crop. The study also analyzed the encounter levels of entomophages.

Family Coccinellidae
In some greenhouses, repeated use of chemicals to control aphid populations has resulted in the development of resistance. Therefore, the use of biological agents, such as entomophagous species, is considered an effective alternative. Although there are more than 60 species of entomophagous family representatives, only a few are economically important. Thus, there is a need to conduct further research on the mutual parasite-host relationships of these species in agrobiocenosis, and their potential use in phytophagous control.
The gold-eyed family (Chrysopidae), lady beetle family (Coccinellidae), predatory sandflies (Miridae), encarsia parasite (Aphelinidae), and predatory mites (Phytoseiidae) are among the entomophagous species that feed on aphids. However, their population densities vary greatly, and some species are specialized to feed on specific prey such as spider larvae. In laboratory conditions, predatory macrolophus kandalala and predatory mite were observed to feed mainly on 2-3-year-old larvae of spider mites (Fig. 1). While parasitic entomophages are relatively rare, Encarsia formosa was found to be the species with the largest population. The development of these entomophagous species was observed throughout the vegetation period from planting (April) to the end of the period (October) . This study investigates the role of predatory entomophages in controlling spider mites in agrobiocenosis. The entomofauna of spider mites in Krasnodar was analyzed, and 10 families of entomophages were identified, with the Hemiptera family Miridae being the most significant. The main predatory species of kandal were found to be Macrolophus nubilis HS (39%) and Dicyphus errans Wolff. (14%). These species are capable of surviving at temperatures above +13°С and have been observed to be biologically efficient at temperatures up to +42°С.
In a study conducted in Turkey, 48 entomophagous species of greenhouse cockroaches were identified, of which 17 were found to be the primary species for controlling cockroach populations. A new species, Acletoxenus formosus Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae), was also identified for the first time in the Turkish fauna. One species of entomopotagen zambrug was also recorded. In addition, Cladosporum sp. (griby) types are considered relatively effective for whitefish.
Numerous studies have been conducted to enhance the effectiveness of using and cultivating Macrolophus species for controlling spider mites. One such method involves propagating tobacco shoots in ordinary home conditions by cutting them to a length of 5-6 cm, which are then placed in separate test tubes filled with 20% sugar water and positioned in an upright manner in a 1-liter jar. The tobacco remains in a turgid state for 25-50 days, during which a pair of Macrolophus (male-female) is introduced into the jar and covered with grey material. Further research is being carried out to examine the biological indicators of spider mite control. Results indicated that after 20-25 days, on average, one cucumber contained 35-40 mite imagos, 22.4 eggs, 32 larvae, and nymphs. Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot species is highly desirable in greenhouse environments due to its ability to thrive in lower temperatures (20°C-22°C), its high mobility, and its high hostseeking capability. Studies have been conducted to introduce and develop the use of Amblyseius swirskii species for controlling spider mites in greenhouses. In 2015, Phytoseiulus persimilis and Amblyseius swirskii predatory mites were introduced to ToshDAU Biocenter for scientific research purposes. To enhance the reproduction of these mites, biolaboratory waste was utilized. The special rooms were maintained at an air temperature of 25-27°C with a relative air humidity of 80-85%, as recommended by various literature sources. The waste material was initially sieved using 15-20 mm diameter sieves and placed in specially designed iron boxes with dimensions of 45 cm height, 1.5 m width, and 25-30 cm thickness. Two common species of flour mites, namely Acarus farris Oud and Acarus siro Linn, were found in the waste material. Acarus farris is widely distributed in Central Asia and is known to infest flour and flour products.

Conclusions
The above studies demonstrate the presence of various parasitic and predatory entomophages in agrobiocenosis and biocenosis, which can be utilized to control spider mite populations. However, proper management of their population balance is crucial. Biolaboratories can be used to rear spider mites and distribute them to agrobiocenosis. Studies have shown that Phytoseiulus persimilis is effective in controlling aphids, but has relatively low reproduction rates under certain conditions.
On the other hand, Amblyseius swirskii has shown to be highly effective in controlling spider mite populations, with a biological efficiency of 86.9% at a ratio of 1:10. The population of spider mites decreased significantly when Amblyseius swirskii was applied at a ratio of 1:10, while Phytoseiulus persimilis was found to be less effective in controlling whiteflies.