Use of modern management mechanisms in digitalization of housing construction study status

. Underlying all the reforms implemented in our country is the noble goal of ensuring human interests. In this regard, the fundamental changes implemented in life are aimed at increasing the welfare of our people. In particular, issues such as improving the quality of housing and communal services, improving the housing stock management system are being solved step by step. Since there is no single system in this regard, all countries carry out this activity in their own way or based on the experiences of advanced countries. Today there are 32,000 contracting organizations in Uzbekistan. By September 1, 2020, the task was set to launch a single platform covering information such as financial indicators of construction enterprises, solvency, state procurement, and employee qualifications. This platform will be introduced in Tashkent until November 1, and throughout the republic from the beginning of next year. The electronic labor record system will also be integrated into it. This article describes housing, housing construction, digitization, modern management system, use of management mechanisms, application of IT technologies in housing management mechanisms, correlation analysis, regression analysis, and forecast values of essential indicators related to housing stock management.


Introduction
According to the analysis, in the last two years, tenders were held for only 182 of more than 3,000 construction projects within the framework of state programs [1]. Because tender processes are complicated and the price is primary. Qualification of the construction organization, the question of quality remained in the low places.
Therefore, from next year, it was decided to allocate funds to the construction and contracting enterprises included in the new information system and rated [2]. It is noted that a special decision was made to improve authorship, technical and state control in the construction sector, and all conditions were created [3]. It was noted that the task now is to implement the control not manually as it is now, but with the introduction of IT technologies.
Officials were tasked with creating a database of construction enterprises and objects within a month. From August 1, 2020 in Tashkent city, and from the beginning of next year in other regions, all defects identified in construction will be entered into the system online with photos, and control processes will be automated [4].
An online system will be launched, which will allow the construction organization or citizens to receive complete information about the procedures and conditions of the construction process at any time.
It was noted that all rules and norms of urban planning should be transferred to an interactive view, all processes of examination of project-estimate documents should be digitized, and expert conclusions should be stored in a single database. It is noted that these measures will reduce the construction permit process in Uzbekistan from 254 days to 84 days, reduce procedures in these processes from 17 to 5 days, and reduce the time spent by entrepreneurs and citizens on these tasks by 67%. [5] The issues of providing adequate housing, quality, affordable and convenient services have always attracted the attention of scientists and specialists and remain so at the present time. Of the many foreign scientists who conducted scientific research on the improvement of the housing fund management system, the researches of E. Ostrom, S. Nahrath, P. Chemetov, R. Baudoui, D. Paris, F.-O. Seys are noteworthy [1][2][3][4].
It should be noted that when referring to scientific research in the field, the possibilities of using the housing fund and organizing its effective management were investigated in the scientific works of several scientists in the CIS countries, including S.A. Kirsanov, M.N. Lomova, K.S. Stepaev [6]. Some aspects of economy and management of housing and communal economy have also been studied in the researches of our country's scientists. In particular, the scientific works of V.U.Yodgorov, R.I.Nurimbetov, I.Kh.Davletov are among them. Also, the analytical works of A.Kh.Nabiev, K.A.Tantybaeva and N.M.Vishnevskaya, among the practitioners conducting active scientific research in this field, include suggestions and recommendations for improving the housing fund management system in Uzbekistan [3][4][5][6][7][8].

Materials and methods
In particular, it is designed for the population's own living, approved by the established requirements and standards, which can fully meet the sanitary and technical requirements that are safe for life, as well as in the order approved by the established requirements and standards. Parts of special houses intended for residential use are designated as residential. Examples of these are dormitories of various forms, temporary houses, as well as statesponsored boarding houses for people with limited means -single elderly, disabled, service veterans, orphans and orphans, and other forms of houses used for similar purposes. can be brought. Also, all types of houses mentioned above can be transferred from the state register as private property or state property, at the same time, in a manner that does not contradict the legal norms [9], and from one form to another of the above-mentioned types of formalization ( Figure 1).
Management of the housing fund and its services in accordance with the laws of the market economy, in particular, the application of modern corporate management methods and principles in the field, creating high levels of convenience for consumers, increasing the service life of buildings and structures, bringing them to a level that meets the requirements of the present time [10]. Application of the latest achievements of science and technology and the use of foreign experiences are required. In particular, fundamental improvement of residential buildings and their efficient use, timely repair and restoration, as well as cleanliness and beautification of multi-storey buildings are important factors in creating comfortable living conditions for such citizens.
Consistent implementation of structural changes (structural reforms) in a country based on a strong regulatory and legal framework allows for the creation of a completely new system of housing management and use. In the last 5 years, decisions were made to improve the activities of housing owners' associations, to reconstruct and renovate (update) the roof, basement, facade, lower floor, elevator and irrigation networks, as well as concrete sidewalks and houses.
Currently, more than 340,000 apartment buildings are served by more than 4,000 private landlords. At the same time, the analysis of the work carried out in this sector shows that there are a number of unresolved problems in the activities of housing owners' associations for the maintenance, use and maintenance of multi-apartment housing. Speaking about this, it is important to note that the effective mechanism of interaction and interaction between the executive authorities and housing owners' associations has not been formed ( Figure 2) [4].
It is advisable to use SWOT and PEST analysis to assess the current state of efficiency of housing fund management based on PPP and to identify problems in the field and to analyze the external environment of the organization of indirect influence. It is necessary to study the opportunities and threats in the market in order to clearly formulate a strategy for further improvement of the industry. Debilitating effects should be minimized. This helps to determine the possibility and limits of the choice of development directions. During the analysis, it is necessary to distinguish the external situation in a specific period, that is, serious factors. Considering the interrelationship of these factors allows to solve the existing problems with the possibilities of this field.

Results and discussion
According to the results of the analysis, it was found that the main problem in the management of the housing fund and one of the factors causing negative effects is the poorly formed legal system. Taking this into account, the last question of the fourth section focused on the current state of legal frameworks and their application. 57% of the total 302 respondents think that there are legal bases for disposal of housing as private property, but no practical mechanisms have been created, while 20% think that neither legal bases nor practical mechanisms have been created. The remaining 23% of respondents say that there are legal bases and practical mechanisms, but the enforcement discipline is weak. According to the results, it was found that the problem of creating practical mechanisms is one of the important issues.
Regulating the housing market, fully meeting the population's demand, organizing the construction of affordable and quality housing is a complex process that is formed on the basis of a number of factors. This requires the identification of these factors based on statistical and econometric methods, and the assessment of their impact.
The influence of all types of investments and bank loans on construction works carried out on the basis of total construction works, state and private ownership was analyzed based on correlational analysis (Table 1).   It was found that the influence of organizations' own funds (0.79), bank loans (0.83), and republican budget subsidies (0.85) on the total housing fund is relatively low. The highest indicator corresponds to the funds of the population (0.97). One-factor logarithmic functions were used, given that high intercorrelation causes multicollinearity problems. The results allow determining the coefficient of elasticity between investments and housing stock ( Table  2). where: Y -the total area of the housing fund (thousand square meters); X1total investments in housing construction (million UZS); X2investments in housing construction from the republican budget (million UZS); X3investments in housing construction by organizations from their own funds (million UZS); X4investments of population funds in housing construction (million UZS); X5bank loans for housing construction (million UZS). According to the results, a one% increase in the amount of investments made by residents in housing construction ensures an increase in the total area of the housing fund by 0.12%. The increase in the volume of investments and bank loans from the republican budget, in turn, has the lowest value among the determined elasticity indicators, ensuring an increase of 0.06%. The impact of changes in the volume of investments in housing construction by organizations at the expense of their own funds is 0.08%.
The effect of owning a house on the social life in the society was considered based on the correlation coefficients between the indicators representing the social well-being (Table 3). where: HOUSINGtarea -the total area of the housing stock (thousand square meters), POPULATION -the number of permanent residents (thousands of people), MARRIAGEthe rate of marriage (per 1000 inhabitants per thousand per year), DIVORCE -the rate of divorce (per year , per 1000 population, per mille), CRIME -number of registered crimes (thousands), UNEMPLOYMENT -Total unemployment rate (percent), UNEMPLOYMENTreg -officially registered unemployment rate (percent),WAGEaverage -Average monthly nominal salary (thousand UZS),LOWINCOME -share of low-income population (in%), CONSUMPTION -share of consumption costs in total costs (in%), INCOMEpc -total income per capita (in thousand UZS) The results show that there is a strong correlation between population and total housing stock. However, the correlation coefficients between indicators such as the marriage and divorce rates and the housing stock are 0.65 and 0.92, respectively, which is opposite to the expected result. Our studies proved that this situation is the result of national traditions, higher attention to the family compared to Western countries, and the uniqueness of the mentality.
An increase in the housing fund serves to reduce the number of crimes in society, that is, there is a sufficiently high inverse relationship between the two indicators. However, the positive correlation between total and registered unemployment is an unexpected result. The reasons for this are the measures implemented by the government to provide the population with housing, strong social protection, and informal employment. In all other cases, the expected results are achieved, only the correlation between the share of consumption expenditure in total expenditure and the total housing stock has the expected sign, but a rather weak correlation is observed.
Issues of managing the housing fund and improving the system, involving the private sector in the field on the basis of PPP, begin with the formation of the legal framework, decision-making and implementation. A regression analysis of the impact of decisions made in the field was carried out based on the data of 2010-2019 (Table 4). where: Y is the total area of the housing fund (thousand square meters); X1 -the number of legal documents identified by the keyword "housing" (pcs); X2the number of legal documents determined by the keyword "construction" (pcs); X3the number of legal documents determined by the keyword "housing fund" (pcs); The coefficients of the first and second equation are adequate according to Student's criterion, the coefficient of determination has a lower value. In the third equation, the coefficient of the independent variable is not adequate according to Student's criterion, and the coefficient of determination is also too low. Because the number of legal acts on the housing fund is not variable, except for the years 2016 and 2017.
The results of the change in legislation related to housing issues have increased the housing fund to 4639.8 thousand sq.m. ha, and the changes in construction laws are 4388.9 thousand sq.m. provides an increase to It was not possible to assess the impact of legislation related to the housing stock.
The expansion of the housing stock is provided by new construction, but focusing on the issues of their maintenance, reconstruction, and service will serve to further increase the effectiveness of measures in the field. Taking this into account, we consider the importance of management service companies in increasing the efficiency of the activities of UJMSh (homeowners' association) [6].
where: Yf -the ratio of the total number of UCMs whose activity was deemed satisfactory by the heads of the district sectors, X1 -The ratio of management service companies to the total number of service companies.
According to the results, there is a positive correlation between both indicators, the coefficients are adequate according to the Student criterion, and the coefficient of determination is equal to 0.31. According to the literature, it is natural for the determination coefficient to have a small value when regression analysis is performed based on panel data, the important thing is the correct selection of the model, the theoretically expected appearance of the relationship between the variables.
The obtained results show that the change in the legislation related to housing issues has increased the area of the housing fund to 4639.8 thousand square meters. ha, and the changes in construction laws are 4388.9 thousand sq.m. provides an increase to It was not possible to assess the impact of the changes in legislation related to the housing stock.
Based on the results of the aforementioned analysis, the dynamics of some indicators related to the digitization of housing fund management in our country were analyzed and their forecast values for the next years were developed. In this, the main focus was taken on indicators such as housing units managed by UJMs and the average number of housings per UJMs. The analyzes were carried out on the basis of the data of 2009-2023, and forecast indicators for 2023-2025 were developed. The results of the regression analysis show that the relationship between time and indicators has the following forms (Table 5). where: YBYJsoni -the number of housing units managed by the NGOs; YBYJsoniaverage number of houses corresponding to each UJMSh; t-trend t=1,2,3,...,11. The results of the regression analysis carried out in the given table, and the full view of the results obtained on the basis of the Gretl program and the graphical representation of the forecasts are given in the appendices 1 and 2. In the second equation, it was determined that the reliability level of the b2 coefficient according to the Student's criterion is 0.84. But the high reliability of the Fisher criterion and the coefficient of determination gave us the basis to develop predictive indicators using this model. We present the developed forecast results (Table 6).