Morphoanatomic description of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. seeds

. The color and anatomical structure of the seed kernel are different. For the seed to ripen, it is necessary to go through certain processes, that is, it takes time. It depends on many external and internal factors. Morphological signs of fruits and seeds are different in each species, but at the same time, these signs are relatively constant at the level of the genus, therefore, the importance of these signs in systematics is increasing now. The morpho-anatomical study of angiosperms fruit and seed kernel was of great interest both practically and theoretically. The study of the morpho-anatomy of seeds and fruits of representatives of different taxa provides great material for solving controversial problems of systematics and phylogeny. That is why it is necessary to study the morphology, anatomy and biology of the seeds of this plant and this is the demand of the time. The following diagnostic signs were determined and the anatomical structure of seeds in the conditions of the Tashkent oasis during introduction was analyzed. The presence of densely arranged parenchymal cells, 50% of the volume of the embryo seed. These identified diagnostic signs can be used in the process of seed identification.


Introduction
Trigonella foenum-graecum L. is an annual plant belonging to the Fabaceae family [1,2]. This species belonging to the Fenugreek family is cultivated in Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Egypt and Ethiopia, as well as in the countries of Central Asia [3,4]. The Greek word is known as "fenugreek" and according to the teachings of Avetsinna, it is called "Holba". Sometimes it is called "shambala", "helba" (helba, hilbe), "mithi" and "chaman" [5].
This plant is unique in the Eastern Mediterranean and Asia Minor. The plant likes the places where sunlight falls for a long time (heliophyte plant). Its height reaches 60 cm, and its stem is single, erect, and branched [6,7]. The cross-section of the root is round, and the arrow forms a root system. The leaves are egg-shaped, complex odd feathery, three-lobed, 2 cm long. The seeds are hard rectangular, smooth light brown or dark green. The plant blooms from May to June, the seeds ripen in June-July. The strong smell of the plant is one of its unique properties [8].
Trigonella foenum-graecum is considered a valuable medicinal plant and exhibits a wide range of therapeutic effects, including antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory, and antihypertensive effects [1]. Bangladeshi scientists have studied the biological and medicinal properties of Trigonella foenum-graecum, i.e., the combination of primary and secondary plant metabolites such as alkaloid, flavonoids, glycoside, saponin, etc., and health protection and disease treatment measures [9].
Anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective drugs have been developed from the plant Trigonella foenum-graecum L. in Turkey [10]. In India, in vitro cultivation of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. plants and analysis of their biochemical and antioxidant activity in various ex vivo models were studied [8]. The use of green extract of magnesium oxide nanoparticles of Trigonella foenum-graecum leaves and its antibacterial activity have been reported to be good [11].

Materials and methods
The seeds of Trigonella foenum-graecum plant were fixed in 70% ethanol according to the generally recognized method, and cross-sections were studied in the fixed material [6]. In studying the anatomical features of the seeds of the Trigonella foenum-graecum plant, preparations made by manually cutting the transverse section of the seeds and the MOTIC V1 microscope were used. The preparations were stained with safranin. Cells and tissues were measured using a MOB-15 micrometer.
Quantitative measurements of several seed characters such as seed kernel height, bract thickness, and endosperm thickness were performed using a conventional method [7]. Statistical analysis of the data was calculated using a personal computer (MS Excel) using generally accepted methods. Photomicrographs were taken using a digital camera, and mathematical analyzes were performed using a MOTIC microscope.

Results and discussion
Since the seed kernel of representatives of the Fabaceae family participates not only in the formation of the elements of the seed, but also in the protection of the internal organs of the seed, the study of their anatomical structure is of scientific importance and provides additional material for determining the similarities and differences between related species. serves as [12]. The study of the anatomical structure of the seed is to determine the structural changes that occur in it during the formation of the fruit from the flower and to observe the formation of similar and different characters between the species.
A seed is a generative organ of seed plants, consisting of a husk, endosperm, and bract [2]. The seeds of the medicinal plant Trigonella foenum-graecum L. are covered from the outside with a seed kernel that protects the internal parts from drying out and mechanical damage. The endosperm is the tissue inside the seed that usually surrounds the embryo and provides it with nutrients during development. Under the bark is a young plant.
Perisperm is the main tissue that stores macro and microelements, protein, starch, sugar, vitamins and fats. Among the epidermis are 2-3 rows of thin-walled rounded parenchyma and 5-6 rows of thick-walled isodiametrically shaped sclerenchyma cells and a set of conducting tubes between them. The pericarp is thin, membranous, composed of 3-5 rows of large and small thin-walled parenchyma cells. In the cross-section of the seed, the shape of the seed is round, and the outside is covered with a seed kernel (Figure 1). The bark is multi-layered and protects the fruit from various external influences and from drying out and premature sprouting. At the base of the skin are the pulp and endosperm. Endosperm is the tissue inside the seed that provides the plant with nutrients during its development.
The structure of the corolla in the flower of the studied species was summarized as follows: the lower and middle part consists of parenchyma cells and a set of conducting tubes located between them, and the upper part consists only of the sclerenchyma layer. The outer wall of the abaxial and adaxial epidermis is covered with a thick cuticle.
Abaxial epidermal cells are larger than adaxial ones. Beneath the adaxial epidermis is a bundle of conducting tubules, and its spermoderm is thin, membranous, and colorless. The test and tegmen are made up of thick-walled cells, the outer walls of which are covered with a thick cuticle. Test cells are cuboidal in different sizes, and those of the tegmen are flattened and elongated, and the thickness of the inner cuticle layer between them can be up to 2-5 μm. Thickening of sclerenchyma cells, covering of the outer walls of epidermal cells with a thick cuticle and strong lignification provide protection of the shrub from the effects of the external environment. The presence of additional mechanisms in the protection of the seed kernel of Trigonella foenum-graecum species, i.e. the participation of anthers, sepals, and sepals in the formation of the seed, ensures the firm protection of the bush in xerophytic conditions.
The seed kernel consists of four-and oval-shaped epidermal cells, which are tightly packed. Located closer to the adaxial esaepidermis. 1-3 rows of small, isodiametric sclerenchyma cells make up the upper part of the flower. The thickness of the seed kernel is generally 10-15%. The endosperm of the seed of Trigonella foenum-graecum consists of a large-celled membranous tissue, most of the cells of which are occupied by secondary starch or oils (Figure 2). Endosperm consists of densely packed parenchyma tissue full of macro and micronutrients, hormones and chemicals (Table 1). In the process of seed maturation, it is observed that the parenchyma cells of the seed form a whole sclerenchymatized shell. This shell keeps the seed viable for 2-4 years and protects the seed from drying out, rubbing in sand, and being destroyed by salt.
Diagnostic signs are dense palisade and parenchyma cells, the presence of macro and microelements, the presence of a shoot with 50% of the seed volume, and the presence of sessile glands.
The number of rows of parenchyma and sclerenchyma is of specific importance for each type. The presence of a large number of bundles of conducting tubes in the species is a progressive sign of adaptive properties, indicating that they are more adapted to xerophytic conditions than G. gamocarpus. Small cellularity of the epidermis and parenchyma,

Conclusions
For the first time, the seeds of the Trigonella foenum-graecum plant were anatomically analyzed under the conditions of introduction to the Tashkent oasis of Uzbekistan, and the presence of the following diagnostic signs was found. The dense parenchyma cells are the presence of a pod with 50% of the seed volume. These identified diagnostic characters can be used in the seed identification process.