Influence of mineral fertilizers on the growth, development and productivity indicators of large clustered grapes

. The article examines the effect of mineral fertilizers on the growth, development and yield of grape varieties with large clusters. The transition periods of phenological phases, productivity indicators, chemical composition of grape bunch cluster weight and juice, influence of mineral fertilizers on the mechanical composition of grape bunch and cluster were determined. In the study of the effects of different rates of mineral fertilizers, the transition periods of phenological phases, the mechanical and chemical composition of grape bunch clusters were analyzed mathematically and statistically, it was proved that the highest result was given when N160 P120 K40 kg/ha was given. When mineral fertilizer N160 P120 K40 kg/ha is applied, flowering and ripening periods start 3 and 6 days earlier in varieties, sugar content is 1.6% high, acidity is 0.5 g/l, shingles is 1.5%, and flesh and juice is 1.8 % is high, 2.8% is less in the seed and it is found that the rudiment seed does not differ significantly.


Introduction
Providing the population of Uzbekistan with high-quality industrial grapes and processed wine products is one of the urgent tasks facing entrepreneurs [1]. The soil and climatic conditions of Uzbekistan make it possible to provide our people with inexpensive, vitaminrich, tasty grape products and wines throughout the year [2,3].
Although the soil and climate conditions of Uzbekistan are very favorable for the cultivation of all varieties of grapes, it is important to provide them with nutrients in moderation for their successful cultivation. In order to optimally feed vine varieties, a detailed study of their growth period, phenological phases in it, knowledge of their transition environments, allows to obtain a high and high-quality harvest from grapes [4,5].
One of the main characteristics of vine varieties is its productivity, which is divided into types such as embryonic, potential and actual productivity [6]. The yield indicators of vine bushes are biological productivity, which is determined by the amount of flower buds formed in the winter buds of this year's mature branches, biological productivity, which indicates the mass of plant organic products, economic productivity, which is determined by the total amount of the crop grown per vine bush or one hectare, as well as the most optimal are divided into types such as the actual yield that can be obtained when 100% of the winter shoots are capable of yielding under the conditions [7]. In general, the yield index of vine bushes is the main most important economic indicator and is of high importance [8]. After all, most of the agrotechnical activities carried out in the vineyards are aimed at maximizing this economic indicator.
Indicators such as yield coefficient and branch yield in vine bushes are also considered as the most important cultivar characteristics [9]. It is worth noting that agrotechnical conditions, in particular, the type of fertilizer, the period of their application and the norms of fertilizing are important factors that have a high impact on the actual productivity of vine varieties [10].
Based on the above scientific hypotheses, he conducted an experiment to study the effect of mineral fertilizers on the yield indicators of grape varieties.

Materials and methods
The experiments are based on Lazarevsky's "Methods of botanical description and agrobiological study of grape varieties" [7], Prostoserdov's "The study of grapes to determine their use" [8], and Moiseychenko's "Methods of accounting and observations in experiments with fruit and berry crops" [9] was conducted according to the methods mentioned in the methodical literature.
Statistical analysis of research results was calculated in Excel 2010 and Statistica 7.0 for Windows computer programs with a 95% confidence interval according to Dospekhov's method [10].

Results and discussion
According to a number of scientists [1][2][3][4], fertilizing is a factor that greatly increases vine productivity. In addition to increasing the yield of vine bushes, mineral fertilizers significantly affect the speed of their growth. According to the results of our experiment on studying the effect of mineral fertilizers on the transition of phenological phases in grape varieties, no significant difference in the transition of phenophases was noted when different rates of fertilizer were given. In this case, the difference in the swelling of the buds did not exceed 1-3 days in the fertilized variants compared to the control.
This condition was also noted at the beginning of the flowering and ripening periods of the grape variety, and it was observed that the period of the beginning of the phenophases did not exceed 1-3 and 3-6 days, respectively, compared to the control. The difference in the duration of the period from budding to ripening in the vine varieties from the control did not exceed 2-3 days in the experimental variants (Table 1). The results showed that in the fertilized variants of the Kishmish irtishar variety, the number of productive branches was significantly different compared to the control -nonfertilized variant. In this case, the maximum amount of single-fruited branches -up to 36.4% -was recorded in the option given at the expense of mineral fertilizers N240 P180 K60.
Among the experimental options, the lowest amount of single-fruited branches -up to 32.9% -was determined in the option given at the expense of mineral fertilizers N160 P120 K40. In the experimental variant given by mineral fertilizers N200 P150 K50, the amount of one-fruited branches had an intermediate expression between these variants, correspondingly higher values were recorded by 7.9% compared to the first control and 3.7% compared to the second control.
The experimental data showed that feeding the vines of Kishmish irtishar variety at different rates did not significantly affect the difference in the number of branches of two grape heads, and the difference between the variants did not exceed 0.8%.
The total amount of one-and two-vine head branches of varieties of grapes differed according to the rate of fertilization. In this case, the most productive branches -39.6% were determined in the variant given by the calculation of mineral fertilizers N240 P180 K60. This means 11.8 and 7.3% higher than the control variants, respectively. The lowest total amount of one-and two-fruited shoots -36.0% was recorded in the option given at the expense of mineral fertilizers N160 P120 K40, and the advantage over the control in this option was 4.2 and 3.4%, respectively. In the experimental variant given mineral fertilizers N200 P150 K50, the general index of vines had an intermediate expression between these variants, correspondingly higher values were recorded by 8.7% compared to the first control and 4.2% compared to the second control.
The rate of fertilizer had a significant effect on the productivity indicators of Kishmish Sog'diana and Kishmish Botir grape varieties. In these varieties, the highest amount of onefruited branches -32.9% and 36.9% was recorded in the option given at the expense of mineral fertilizers N200 P150 K50. In these varieties, the lowest amount of single-fruited branches compared to the control -31.1% and 36.2%, respectively, was determined in the variant given by the calculation of mineral fertilizers N240 P180 K60. It was found to be 6.8% and 5.3% higher in Kishmish Sogdiana variety compared to the first control (unfertilized) and 5.3% compared to the second control (N120 P90 K30), respectively 11.6% and 9.4% higher in Kishmish Botir variety. The experimental variant given by mineral fertilizers N160 P120 K40 had an intermediate expression between these variants in terms of the number of branches per grape head and, accordingly, in the variety Kishmish Sogdiana by 7.3% compared to the first control and by 5.8% compared to the second control, in the variety Kishmish Botir 11, 7% and 9.5% were noted to be higher ( Table 2). The table data shows that in Kishmish Sogdiana and Kishmish Botir varieties, as well as Kishmish irtishar variety, different rates of vine feeding did not lead to significant differences in the amount of two vine heads. However, the difference of the two grapeheaded branches according to the experimental variants did not exceed 1.7% in the Kishmish Sogdiana variety and 0.9% in the Kishmish Botir variety.
The total number of fertile branches differed in Kishmish Sogdiana and Kishmish Botir varieties mainly according to the change in the number of single-fruited branches in the experimental variants. In this case, the most productive branches -41.4% and 39.9% according to varieties, respectively, were determined in the variant given by the calculation of mineral fertilizers N240P180K60. The lowest total quantity of one-and two-fruited branches -39.5% and 39.0% was recorded in the option given at the expense of mineral fertilizers N160 P120 K40. In the experimental option given mineral fertilizers at the expense of N200 P150 K50, the general indicator of grapevine branches had an intermediate expression between these options in both cultivars.
The data of the experiment showed that fertilization in different rates had a significant effect on the yield coefficient of Kishmish irtishar grapes. In this case, the number of vines corresponding to each yielding branch was the highest -1.65 in the option given at the expense of mineral fertilizers N200 P150 K50. This means 0.53 and 0.46 higher than the control variants, respectively. The smallest value of productivity coefficients -1.33 was recorded in the option given at the expense of mineral fertilizers N160 P120 K40. In this variant, the advantage over the control was observed to be no more than 0.21 and 0.14, respectively. In the experimental option given by mineral fertilizers N240 P180 K60, the amount of grape heads corresponding to the harvested branches had an intermediate expression between these options (1.51), correspondingly, it was higher by 0.39 compared to the first control and by 0.32 compared to the second control. The number of grape heads corresponding to the total number of vines in the fall of grapes showed a slightly different expression than this indicator of the productive branch. Consequently, the amount of grape heads corresponding to the total formed branches was the highest -0.49 units in the option given at the expense of mineral fertilizers N160 P120 K40. This means 0.17 and 0.08 units higher than the control variants, respectively.
The smallest value of this indicator -0.41 was recorded in the option given at the expense of mineral fertilizers N240 P180 K60, and in this option the advantage over the first control (0.09) was determined. In this option, the same indicator was recorded as in the second option. An intermediate position was recorded in the experimental option given by the calculation of mineral fertilizers N200 P150 K50, that is, the amount of grape heads corresponding to the total branches was 0.10 units higher than the first control, and 0.01 units more than the second control.
The analysis of the number of grape heads corresponding to the yielding branches in Kishmish Sog'diana and Kishmish Botir varieties of grapes made it possible to note the same trend as in the previous variety. In particular, the highest expression of the amount of vines corresponding to the yielding branches -1.31 and 1.66 according to varieties, respectively, was observed in the option given at the expense of mineral fertilizers N200 P150 K50.
The smallest value of this indicator -1.29 and 1.36 pieces of mineral fertilizers was recorded in the option given at the expense of N160 P120 K40. In the experimental variant given by mineral fertilizers N240 P180 K60, the amount of grape heads corresponding to the harvested branches had an intermediate expression between these variants, respectively, in the Kishmish Sog'diana variety, it was 0.21 and 0.05 compared to the second control, in the Kishmish Botir variety, it was 0.46 and It was higher by 0.38 units.
It was noted that the number of grape heads corresponding to each harvested branch was the highest in these varieties in the option given at the expense of mineral fertilizers N160 P120 K40 -correspondingly 0.51 units. The lowest number of grape heads per total branch -0.44 and 0.42, respectively, was recorded in the variant given by the calculation of mineral fertilizers N240 P180 K60.
The rates of feeding with mineral fertilizers had a significant effect on the quality indicators of grape bunch cluster of grape varieties. The results of our experiments on the influence of fertilizer rates showed that the weight of 100 clusters of grapes of the Kishmish Irtishar variety was the highest -311 g in the option given at the expense of mineral fertilizers N160 P120 K40. This means 30 g more than the first control and 7 g more than the second control. The smallest, i.e., the average weight of 100 clusters of 312 g was recorded in the option given at the expense of mineral fertilizers N240 P180 K60, and in this option the average weight of 100 clusters was 25 g higher than the first control and 2 g higher than the second control. 100 cluster weight in the experimental variant given by mineral fertilizers N200P150K50 had an intermediate expression and was 26 g higher than the first control and 3 g higher than the second control.
Feeding at different rates also affected the sugar content of grape bunch cluster of grape varieties. In this case, the highest sugar content -26.3% was determined in the variant with mineral fertilizers N160 P120 K40. In this variant, the sugar content of cluster juice was 1.2% higher than the first control and 0.9% higher than the second control. The smallest value of sugar content -24.6% was recorded in the option given at the expense of mineral fertilizers N240 P180 K60, and it was 0.5% lower than the first control and 0.8% lower than the second control. In the experimental option given mineral fertilizers at the expense of N200 P150 K50, the sugar content of cluster juice was at the level of the control options, and no significant difference was noted.
It was noted that feeding Kishmish irtishar vine bushes with mineral fertilizers at different rates had no significant effect on the quality of cluster juice, and the difference between the experimental options did not exceed 0.5%.
The data in the table show that the weight of grape bunch clusters and the chemical composition of juice differed in Kishmish Sog'diana and Kishmish Botir grape varieties under the influence of mineral fertilizers. In this case, the highest weight of 100 clusters -468 g and 479 g, according to varieties, was observed in the option given by mineral fertilizers N160 P120 K40. The difference from the first control was 66 g and the difference from the second control was 12 g in the Kishmish Sog'diana variety. Accordingly, in the Kishmish Batir variety, this indicator was equal to 55 and 27 g.
In Kishmish Sog'diana and Kishmish Botir varieties of grapes, the smallest weight of 100 clusters -450 g and 469 g, respectively, was recorded in the option given at the expense of mineral fertilizers N240P180K60. In this case, the difference from the first control was 48 g in the Kishmish Sog'diana variety, and a decrease of 4 g from the second control was observed. In the Kishmish Botir variety, the difference of the indicators of this option from the control was equal to 47 g and 18 g.
When mineral fertilizers were given at the rate of N200, P150, K50, the weight of 100 clusters in experimental variants of Kishmish Sog'diana and Kishmish Botir grapes had an intermediate expression between the previous variants. Feeding at different rates also affected the sugar content of grape bunch cluster juice of Kishmish Sog'diana and Kishmish Botir grapes. In this case, the highest -24.0% and 25.3%, respectively, sugar content was determined in the variant given by mineral fertilizers N160P120K40.
In this variant, the sugar content of cluster juice was 1.9% higher than the first control and 0.6% higher than the second control in the Kishmish Sog'diana variety, and 1.4% and 0.4% higher in the Kishmish Botir variety. The smallest value of sugar content -22.7% and 24.9%, respectively, according to the varieties -was recorded in the variant given in the norm of mineral fertilizers N240P180K60 (Table 3). The table data shows that in the experimental variant given mineral fertilizers N200 P150 K50, the sugar content of cluster juice was close to the control variants, and in the Kishmish Sog'diana variety, the difference from the first control was correspondingly 0.6%, and even lower than the second control -by 0.7%. differentiated. In the Kishmish Batir variety, the increase in sugar content from the first control was 1.0%, and it was at the level of the second control.
Feeding seedless Kishmish Sogdiana and Kishmish Botir varieties of grapes with mineral fertilizers at different rates had no significant effect on the quality of cluster juice, and it was observed that the variation of experimental options by varieties did not exceed 0.4-0.6%.
The results of the experiment showed that the feeding of seedless varieties of grapes with mineral fertilizers at different rates had a significant effect on the weight of grape bunch, clusters, shingle, skin, flesh and rudment seeds, and cluster size. It was noted that the number of clusters in the grape bunch increased when the rate of fertilization was increased. Consequently, the maximum number of clusters in a grape bunch -up to 129 pieces -was determined in the variant given by mineral fertilizers N240 P180 K60. In this variant, the number of clusters in the grape bunch was 25 more than the first control and 16 more than the second control.
The least number of clusters on grape heads -around 120 pieces -was recorded in the version given with mineral fertilizers N160 P120 K40, and it was 16 more than the first control, and 7 more than the second control. The number of clusters in the grape heads in the experimental variant given by mineral fertilizers N200 P150 K50 had an intermediate expression and the difference from the control variants was 22 and 13, respectively.
The rate of mineral fertilizers also had a significant effect on the weight of components of the Kishmish irtishar grape bunch. As the rate of fertilizer was increased, it was observed that the percentage of rough parts of grape bunch -shingles increased. In this case, the heaviest shingle mineral fertilizers were determined in the option given at the expense of N240 P180 K60. In connection with this, it was noted that the amount of grape cluster flesh and juice decreased inversely proportionally to the norm of mineral fertilizers (Table 4). The data in the table shows that the number of clusters in the grape bunch increased when the rate of fertilization was increased in Kishmish Sogdiana and Kishmish Botir grape varieties. Therefore, the most number of clusters in the grape bunch -129 and 124 clusters were recorded according to the variety in the option given at the expense of mineral fertilizers N240 P180 K60. The number of clusters in the grape bunch was 25 more than the first control and 16 more than the second control in the Kishmish Sog'diana variety. In the Kishmish Batir variety, the difference from the control in this fertilization rate was 25 and 13 units.
The fewest clusters on grape heads were also recorded in these varieties in the option given at the expense of mineral fertilizers N160P120K40, i.e. 120 and 119, respectively, according to the varieties.
The rate of mineral fertilizers influenced the weight of grape bunch components of Kishmish Sog'diana and Kishmish Botir grapes in the same trend as Kishmish irtishar variety. In this case, it was observed that the weight of shingles in both varieties increased as the rate of mineral fertilization increased. It was noted that the amount of meat and juice decreased inversely proportionally to the increase in the rate of fertilizer, although it was insignificant.
The peel weight was lower in all experimental variants compared to the non-fertilized variant and the difference was around 0.8-1.6%. Based on the data in the table, it should be noted that the rate of mineral fertilizers did not significantly affect the weight of seed rudiments in the cluster of seedless grape varieties. This situation is explained by the biological nature of these seedless varieties.