Problems and solutions of ensuring food security in Uzbekistan

. In this article, the results of the ongoing reforms on the continuous supply of food products to the population of Uzbekistan are discussed. The rate of growth of agricultural products per capita, the state of use of available land resources, the state of production and service by the farm, the prospects for production and development, and the increase in demand for food products in the world and in Uzbekistan are presented. The analysis of the increase in demand due to the sharp increase of the population, the sharp decrease of water lands, and the production of agricultural products in Uzbekistan is studied. It was determined that the excess of the medical norm is exported to foreign countries, and various issues affecting it were studied and analyzed theoretically and practically, and the demand for material resources was not met. Climate changes, systematic failure of economic forms, advantages of cooperation system, and shortcomings in implementation of innovative policy are listed. The place of agriculture in the country's GDP, the problems of growing the required products on inefficient arable land.


Introduction
Today, the world's population is rapidly increasing, and the need for food products is increasing, and it is necessary to carry out great work on the effective use of land areas at the disposal of agricultural subjects. Because in many developed countries, due to the rational use of land resources by farms, the volume of food production is constantly increasing [1]. Also, in Uzbekistan, comprehensive measures are being implemented to ensure the increase in efficiency and profitability of agricultural enterprises. In particular, a modern production and market infrastructure has been formed that provides all the necessary services for farms to use the land efficiently [2]. As a result of long-term lease of land to more than 83,900 farms and the introduction of market relations, it is intended to strengthen the real sense of ownership, which is the most important factor in the effective formation and development of farms, creating additional value from the land and the produced products [3].
In recent years, the population of Uzbekistan has increased by 600,000 people a year, which has sharply increased the demand for food products. In the countries of the world, the sharp increase in the population, the global economic problems in the economy, the increase in the level of desertification of the land, as a result of the decrease in supply, lead to an increase in poverty. In order to find a solution to such an important issue [4], it can be considered a positive situation to organize cooperatives at the expense of improving the activity of economic entities producing products, simplifying the management system [5].
Sustainable development of food production in Uzbekistan is considered at the level of state policy and requires new approaches and reforms [6,7]. According to the Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. PF-5853 dated October 23, 2019, the tasks of increasing food production in the "2020-2030 strategy for the development of agriculture of the Republic of Uzbekistan" were defined. Reaching the main priorities of the strategy: ensuring food security of the population; creating a favorable agribusiness environment and value chain; reducing state participation in industry management and increasing investment attractiveness; ensuring rational use of natural resources and environmental protection; development of the system of science, education, information and consulting services in agriculture; and, development of rural areas is defined [8,9].
Food security depends on a wide range of socio-economic, demographic and environmental factors and is one of the main components of the country's development [10,11]. The state policy of food security is implemented on the four components of food security (availability of food, ability to purchase it, its use and its sustainability).

Materials and methods
Due to the growing population of Uzbekistan and the increasing demand for exports, it can be seen from practice how much of a problem food policy is and how it is being effectively eliminated.
It is known that due to climate change in the world, droughts are increasing, the degree of salinity and desertification of the land is increasing. The volume of agricultural products and the ratio of arable land per capita are sharply decreasing. In Uzbekistan, in 1990, 0.20 hectares of irrigated land were available per capita, while in the countries of the world, on average, 0.27 hectares of land were available. This figure has decreased by 0.12 by 2021, or 60.0 percent compared to 1990. It can be seen from the fact that this figure is 0.24 hectares or 89.0 percent in the countries of the world, which shows that the amount of cultivated land is decreasing sharply. The population of the world is increasing rapidly. The population of Uzbekistan in 1990 was 20.3 million. if there were people, this indicator will be 35.3 million in 2021. per person or increased by 173.9 percent. As a result of the 25.0% decrease in the volume of wetlands, it can be seen that there are big problems in providing the population with food products.
According to the data of 1990, there were 5.4 billion people in the countries of the world, and by 2018, this figure will be 7.0 billion. per person or increased by 129.6%, it can be seen that the volume of water lands that provide food to the population decreased by 11.1%. So, it can be seen that the demand for agricultural products is increasing due to the increase in population.
In Uzbekistan, only 20.7% of the 20.2 million hectares of land intended for agriculture is irrigated. This indicator shows that the population has decreased by 24.0 percent over the last 15 years. This, in turn, causes problems related to the sharp reduction of water resources, as well as the transfer of agricultural land to other land fund categories. According to future forecasts of scientists, the size of irrigated areas is expected to decrease by 20-25% in the next 30 years. Therefore, the main focus should be on maintaining irrigated land and carrying out reforms on the productive use of each hectare of land.
Today, in many countries of the world, the increase of fruit and vegetable products remains relevant. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the purchase price of basic food products has increased by 80 percent in the last three years. The increase in demand for agricultural products grown in Uzbekistan is primarily due to the unmet demand for material resources, climate changes, population growth, systematic failure of economic management, and innovative policy.

Results and discussion
As of January 1, 2022, the population of Uzbekistan was 35,271 thousand people. Of the total population, the number of urban residents was 17.9 million (50.8% of the total population), and the rural population was 17.4 million (49.2%). 30.3% of the permanent population of Uzbekistan is under working age, 59.5% is of working age and 10.2% is older than working age, and the population is increasing by 600,000 people per year. The problems of providing the population with a variety of food products are increasing. In order to solve these problems, it is possible to analyze the state of per capita production of products in relation to medical norms, using the available opportunities effectively.
From the data of Table 1, it can be seen that according to the medical norm, 98.6 kg of wheat should be consumed per capita in one year, but in practice it was 29.5 kg in 1991, 175.1 kg in 2021, or 1.8 times compared to the medical norm, years to see a 5.9 times increase in growth rate. 1.5 million cotton fields to achieve grain independence. per hectare was reduced and achieved by planting wheat of tuli varieties instead. It can be seen that the volume of potato cultivation increased by 6.1 times, fruits by 3.3 times, vegetables by 2.2 times, grapes by 2.0 times, and sugarcane crops by 1.6 times. Agricultural products grown in Uzbekistan are exported to foreign countries. By 2030, the state will increase the export of food products to 25 billion. It works on delivery to US dollars. Cultivation of food products is carried out by farmers, farms and clusters. In general, the economic reforms carried out in the transformation of the former agrarian state into an industrial state with advanced agriculture can be evaluated as effective.
In recent years, rapid population growth, shrinking land resources, increased demand for water and energy resources, and climate change have created unique challenges for food security. For example, in addition to the sharp increase in the degree of desertification of cultivated areas due to the lack of water in the regions along the island, the country of Afghanistan, in violation of the international convention agreements, took 4/1 of the water of the Amudarya by digging a canal 280 km long, 100 m wide, and 8 meters deep for farming on 600 thousand hectares of land. works are being carried out. This makes Central Asian countries the most dangerous problems in ensuring food security. Therefore, we believe that it is necessary to solve cross-border problems at the international level.
In recent years, the country has gradually taken its position in global rankings for strengthening food security. In 2018, Uzbekistan ranked 52nd among 119 countries on the Global Hunger Index and reached a "moderate" level with an index of 12.1.
Therefore, the main goal of the adopted priorities is to ensure food security for all residents of Uzbekistan and to increase the competitiveness of export-oriented agricultural products. In the future, 1.1 million hectares of the country's agricultural land will be developed, 535.6 thousand hectares of dry land, pastures and other lands will be used more effectively; average labor productivity in agriculture increases 1.7 times; an additional 3.4 million tons of capacity will be created for the processing of agricultural products; the rate of product processing will be increased to 30% (by 2030, the export volume will be increased to 20 billion US dollars).
Uzbekistan Uzbekistan is an agrarian industrial country, more than 60 percent of its population lives in rural areas, and almost half of all working people work in the agricultural sector. The agricultural sector made up 40-45 percent of the national product during the former union, and now it makes up 17-20 percent under the conditions of the market economy. The reason for this is the development of other, industrial, construction, services in socio-economic development, as well as the penetration of rural residents into working in these areas.
We believe that many legal documents are necessary for the establishment and development of greenhouse farms in order to provide competitive, export-oriented products to domestic and foreign markets throughout the year.
In addition, inefficient or low-yielding cotton and grain areas should be reduced and replaced by marketable food production programs. With the planting of other crops, the possibility of providing the population with food products throughout the year can be further expanded (Table 2).  Table 2 shows the indicators of production of agricultural products in all property-type farms in Uzbekistan. In 1991-2021, the volume of wheat production was 395.1%, vegetables 3143.5%, potatoes 919.5%, sugarcane 246.4%, fruits and berries 552.1%, grapes and it can be seen that it has increased by 352.8 percent. In Uzbekistan, the main issue is aimed at increasing exports by providing food security to the population and increasing the volume of competitive products. As a result of the land reform, cotton and grain areas were reduced and instead allocated to the cultivation of extremely necessary and marketable fruits and vegetables. The perspective of mammolar economic sub-sectors in ensuring the country's food security is that it has not yet been recognized as a form of primary production. As a result of the transfer of company (cooperative) farms to farms, the transfer of farms to multisector farms, and these to clusters, the entrepreneur's relationship with property began to have a negative impact. In this past period, the main reform was focused on increasing production, zeroing of agrotechnical activities, improving service and supply, and little attention was paid to the creation of added value. Now, taking into account that the cooperative system is a promising system and has been operating effectively for many years, practical work is being carried out to use the experience of Germany.
The late Friedrich Wilhelm Reiffeisen, who lived in Germany from 1818 to 1888, developed the idea of joining a cooperative, which is still practiced today. According to his idea, the principle of "3 S" is the basis for cooperative activity: self-help (1), selfresponsibility (2) and self-management principles (3).
The establishment and development of cooperatives in Germany was carried out in the following stages: in 1864 -the first cooperative was established by W. Raiffeisen in the direction of the activity of accumulating funds and providing loans for farmers and peasant farms based on the "3 S" principle; In 1870, the German Central Association of Cooperatives was founded; In 1880, the audit system was established in cooperatives; In 1889 -the National Cooperative Code was developed; In 1925, the number of cooperatives was 1,600; In 1934the National Cooperative Code was amended; In 1937, a system of mandatory periodic audit of members of the Unions was established. This was caused by the need to prevent negative situations such as misappropriation by cooperatives, keeping false statistics, wrong distribution of profits, and embezzlement.
1972 -The German cooperative and Raiffeisen confederation were founded, and in 2016, the idea of joining cooperatives was declared a cultural asset by the United Nations. Every year July 1st is celebrated as Cooperative Day in Germany. The economic form of agricultural management of Uzbekistan is not being formed as a single system. Due to the gross violation of the contractual relations between farms and clusters, it causes various objections among farmers and has a sharp impact on food security.
As a result of the structural changes that are consistently implemented in Uzbekistan, positive developments are also taking place in the national economy. Especially, during the former Soviet system, the share of agriculture in the country's GDP was 40-45 percent, after independence, this indicator was 33.4 percent in 1990, and 26.9 percent in 2021. It can be seen from the decrease of the share of agriculture that the country is an agrarian Uzbekistan, and other areas of social networks are not paid attention to, as can be seen from the data of Table 3 below. Table 3 shows that the gross domestic product of Uzbekistan was 32.4 billion soums in 1990, and 734,588 trillion soums in 2021. The increase in the amount of soums shows that the reforms being carried out are on the right track. In 1990, the share of industry in GDP was 17.6%, agriculture 33.4%, trade 4.5%, construction 5.8%, taxes 11.3%, others 22.2%, and by 2021, there were significant changes in their weight. The share of industry is 25.8 percent, agriculture is 24.9 percent, trade is 6.5 percent, construction is 6.2 percent, taxes are 7.2 percent, and others are 35.7 percent.
For the further development of agriculture ahead of us, it is necessary to increase the economic potential of each product-producing entity by expanding export opportunities and increasing the level of marketability of its products. Our farming was mostly a process that lasted from the early spring to late autumn months. In order to meet the needs of the population, the cultivation of vegetable crops in greenhouses in all seasons has been developing rapidly in recent years. There are opportunities to sell, i.e. export, the grown products to domestic and foreign markets.

Conclusions
It is necessary to increase productivity due to the creation of added value from agricultural products grown in Uzbekistan, to establish a system of delivery and sale of agricultural products grown in Uzbekistan in excess of medical standards according to the quality certificate of exporting countries. It is important to create a system of direct consumer delivery of agricultural products to a foreign country. It will be necessary to return a part of the excise tax imposed on underground and surface products to the manufacturer, and to coordinate the introduction of products. Distribution of transboundary Amudarya water according to international standards, control of its use, possible solution of the food problem by bringing Siberian waters to the country. It is necessary to carry out free reforms in the management of agriculture, to create a legal basis for the introduction of the cooperative system, to establish cooperative relations with the countries of the world, and to increase the cultivation of fruits in forestry lands.