Quantitative analysis of soil living organisms and important aspects of vermicompost cultivation

. This article provides information on microorganisms, plants and California red worms used in the production of biohumus, which are the main organic components of some cultivated soils in the Bukhara oasis. Also, the services of plants, animals and microorganisms, which are living organisms living in the soil, in increasing soil fertility are described, the importance of plants that provide life factors for each biocenosis in the normal growth and development is revealed.


Introduction
Soil is of great importance as a habitat for many living organisms. Saprophytic microorganisms appear in the soil with high indicators in relation to all life environments, the importance of the soil as a substrate for all high and low plants is incomparable. Animals have a special position in soil porosity and mixing of its layers.

Methods
Counting the amount of microorganisms in a sample of 10*10*10 in the soil planted with various crops in a Goryaeva chamber (micromorphological analysis), measuring the amount of plants in an area of 25*25*15 and the weight of the roots of plants in the same area on a scale (mesomorphological analysis), calculating the amount of earthworms present in the oasis soil which belonging to different types in a 25*25*15 size area (macromorphological analysis) [1], the production of vermicompost from vegetable waste and local manure in plastic pots with a capacity of 3-5 liters-all of them are used methods. Field analysis were conducted in the autumn-winter-spring seasons of 2021-2022.

Results and discussion
The number of microorganisms in 1 g of soil in the 2-4 cm layer of all studied soils was 1.3-4.2 million. This amount is slightly less than the deep layer, the main reason for this is due to wind erosion and the moisture level of the soil of this layer is 25% less than that of the 10 cm deep layer and it is dry.
The number of microorganisms in the 10-20 cm layer of the soil where various cultural crops are grown reaches 16-22 million in 1 g, due to the favorable environment of the soil in this layer and the absence of the killing effect of sunlight. The certain share of soil microbes is directly related to its morphological structure, and its amount was around 0.3-0.6 million in barren, stony, sandy soils. The highest number of microorganisms, 23-28 million units, was observed in the summer months of July-August in greenhouse soil, which is rich in cultural fertilizer and cultivated annually, and in the soil where garlic and onions are planted.
Microorganisms of the analyzed soils mainly formed 3 groups and they consisted of bottom plants, fungi and bacteria. The largest number of rhododendrons was recorded in greenhouse soils, while representatives of the basidiomycete group of fungi were recorded in the highest number in orchards. For example, 1 gram of 5-year-old garden soil measuring 15*15*10 cm contains 0.7-1.2 thousand fungal hyphae, and their length reaches 25-35 m in 1/40 m2, which makes their share in 1 ha area 500-600 shows that it reaches kg.
As indicators of the amount of bacteria and fungi in fields planted with different crops, nodule bacteria in alfalfa are less than rotting bacteria in cotton (stems not removed) soil, while the number of soil bacteria in corn fields is almost the same as that of vegetable fields. In general, 18-26 million bacterias were recorded in 1 g of soil in the 10-20 cm layer of the soil of the Bukhara oasis, which is plowed with local fertilizers.
In recent years, organic agriculture and the cultivation of environmentally friendly products, which have been widely promoted, are directly dependent on the composition of the soil used as a substrate. The organic composition of the soils currently cultivated in the Bukhara oasis can be described as follows. 85% is humus, 10% plant remains, 5% soil flora and fauna. It is well known that the organic content of the soil is more or less directly proportional to the number of plants. This can also be seen in the example of the amount of plants in different natural zones. For example, it is 150-2500 g/m2 in the forest tundra, 25000-40000 g/m2 in the forest taiga, and 1200-2500 g/m2 in the steppe zone, the amount of roots in the desert zone is in the ratio 1:8-1:9 with parts of plants which are aboveground [2] The penetration of organic matter into the soil as humus is called humification, and this process is usually characterized by its complexity. Although there is no unified theory of its formation, the speed of humus formation depends on the quantity and chemical composition of plant residues, soil moisture and aeration, intensity of microbiological activity, composition of groups of microorganisms [3,4].
When animals living in different soils were quantitatively analyzed, the weight ratio of vertebrates and invertebrates per unit area was 1:1000. Soil vertebrates live in it and take part in various processes, they are important due to their positive effects on the mixing of soil layers, water and air exchange, and the growth and development of high plants. Among the soil invertebrates, earthworms are the largest in number and quantity, and they move 250-600 tons of soil per 1 hectare through their body in 1 year and increase their productivity several times [5].
Another invertebrate that nests in the soil and makes good use of the soil around plant roots is the little black ant (Lasius niger). Since they live in crevices in the courtyards of low-rise buildings, flower pots and other similar plants, their influence on the relationship between plants and the soil in which they grow has been studied ( figure 1 and 2). Ants were selected living with plants growing in 12 flower pots, and 6 control groups, where ants were not allowed to enter, and for 60 days they observed the general condition of flowers growing in flower pots, the freshness and beauty of flowers.   It was noted that the indicators of the vitality of the flowers of the control variant and experience were approximately 60-70% higher, on average, than flowering, freshness of leaves and stems. If all the flowers in the experiment were healthy compared to the flowers in the control variant, they did not get sick, bloomed and fruited on time, but the flowers in the flower boxes, where the ants were not allowed, the leaves withered, the clarity of the stems was lost, all life processes slowed down, and finally, most of the flowers in the 6 boxes died ( figure 3 and 4).
The life of ants living in the trees at the foot of the yard and the benefits they bring to the trees were also selected for study. In this case, 2-year-old 3 peach and 3 apple seedlings were compared with plants in the control group growing in the same number of these species. The condition of the leaves and growth cones of the experimental and control seedlings, their occupation by aphids and their effect on it were examined. The experimental seedlings showed different characteristics compared to the control by 10-15% in terms of the size of the leaf surface, and the height of the growth cones was 8-12 cm higher on average.
Another representative of invertebrates, which live side by side with wet soil and its decaying plant remains, actively participate in their assimilation into the soil as organic matter, is the earthworm. They settle on the undersides of leaves, stems and other parts of plants that are in contact with spilled and wet soil, and absorb plant tissue directly, and soon enrich the soil with organic fertilizer with their waste. During the analysis of 18 monitored areas inhabited by wasps, it was observed that in 15*15 cm 2 areas with sufficient moisture, their number was on average 66, while in 17 such areas with little or insufficient organic remains, the number of wasps did not increase in 5. Observations were made on the basis of almost the same 80-85% humidity in both cases.
The positive effects of vermicomposting on soil fertility are now becoming more widespread. Vermicompost is a biologically active fertilizer obtained from the processing of local manure, organic waste and other organic substances of natural origin using earthworms. The most convenient object in the preparation of this biological fertilizer is the California red worm (Eisenia foetida). Vermicompost is known locally as biohumus and is an environmentally friendly fertilizer. Advantages of biohumus: 1 ton of biohumus can replace 15 tons of manure. Biohumus does not contain any toxic substances. The duration of yielding of greenhouse soil using biohumus is extended by 3-5 years on average [6,7].
Another interesting and important aspect of making biohumus with earthworms and growing ecologically clean products is that they can be used in small-capacity wooden boxes or 5-7 l plastic pots even in urban households. It is possible to grow this valuable fertilizer in pots, and this practice was carried out by us. For this purpose, the slicing waste of vegetables and consumed fruits used in the preparation of one family's meals for one day was put into a container with a capacity of 5 l. Depending on the quantity, water was poured on top of them to ensure humidity of 75-80%. After that, the same or two to three times more suitable worms were thrown into the organic waste, knowing the average weight of each worm (0.5 g). The transferred worms were evenly spread and left alone for 2 days. In order to ensure that the optimal temperature for the worms in the biohumus being prepared is 20-230C, the place of the pots with biohumus was changed several times, as well as windows of the room were covered with a light-proof fabric at certain times of the day so that the room did not get too hot. Based on the daily scraping of organic waste, it was checked whether the feed was consumed by worms every 5-7 days, and accordingly, it was decided not to add additional worms to the humus pot. Since worms were true vegetarians, protein waste products have been removed from their diet. In order to increase the amount of biohumus produced, it was aimed to prepare biohumus from cattle manure fermented for 3-4 months in one 5-liter tank. In order to optimize the amount of oxygen in both tanks, 3-4 places were punctured in a day. In this order, biohumus collected in 150-160 days was used as fertilizer. To test the superiority of biohumus and ordinary cattle manure, we conducted an analysis based on the germination of grains and the emergence of additional plants from the substrate. 70% biohumus and 30% soil were placed in 4 pots of 1 liter and 20 pieces of wheat, barley, corn and bean seeds were planted in it. And in the second experiment, the same number of the above plants were planted in the soil 70 % cattle manure. Germination of plants in biohumus pots was 96-100 % while germination of plants in soils with ordinary manure was 85-92 %. Also when studying the germination of weeds on the substrates, it was witnessed that 1-2 weeds sprouted in the pots with biohumus while at least 5 weeds sprouted in each of the pots with ordinary manure. This experiment shows that biohumus not only improves soil fertility but also allows the loss of weed seeds [8,9].

Conclusions
Soil living organisms are the most important part of soil and its main group is microorganisms. in the 5-20 cm layer of the studied soils, they are found in the largest amount and are the cause of most of the processes taking place in the soil. according to the humus residues of plants growing on certain types of soil, its composition is enriched with organic matter. The root remains of desert plants are also an important factor in determining the soil fertility of deserts. Among the soil invertebrates, earthworms are the animals that primarily participate in the assimilation of organic waste and other substances that have fallen into the soil, and they take an active part in the introduction of humic acids and soil enzymes into the organic matter passed through their bodies, and in the process of humification. biohumus is an organic fertilizer of natural origin, which allows continuous use of soils for several years.
Also, in the soils grown using biohumus, there are almost no weed seeds, this condition affects the cost of the grown crop and is beneficial by saving money spent on removing weeds. High soil fertility ensures the abundance of all organisms associated with it and strengthens the complex relationship between them.