Automated systems for monitoring microclimate parameters and electricity metering of an experimental building

. The Arctic is a strategically important region for Russia. In the process of searching for new solutions for the rapid construction of energy-efficient and safe buildings in the Arctic, it is necessary to develop systems for monitoring and maintaining indoor microclimate, ensuring optimal use of resources and implementing building management systems. Continuous automatic monitoring will help to increase comfort and safety in the room, as well as reduce energy consumption. The possibility of remote data transmission will allow you to quickly respond to emergencies and take actions to prevent the development of accidents. The article presents the results of the development and testing of a software and hardware complex based on a model object on the territory of the Murmansk State Technical University. The development and research of systems for automated monitoring of microclimate parameters and electricity metering of a model object in Murmansk has been carried out. The results of the study of the parameters of the deviation of temperature indicators are presented. The parameters of the deviation of the indicators of the humidity control system from the sensors are determined. A comparative analysis of the total electricity consumption of the model object for the main consumers of the log part and the frame part was carried out.


Introduction
The Arctic is a strategically important region for Russia. The priority areas of development of the Arctic territories include: 1. Integrated socio-economic development of the region; 2. Development of science and technology; 3. Creation of modern information and telecommunication infrastructure; 4. Ensuring environmental safety; 5. International cooperation in the Arctic; 6. Ensuring military security, protection and protection of the state border of the Russian Federation in the Arctic.
The development of this region is hindered by the lack of buildings that provides optimal conditions for human life and work. In the process of searching for new solutions for the rapid construction of energy-efficient and safe buildings in the Arctic, it is necessary to develop systems for monitoring and maintaining indoor microclimate, ensuring optimal use of resources and implementing an automatic building management system [1]. Issues related to the functioning of residential and industrial premises in the conditions of the Far North are very important, since deviation from the norm can cost the loss of stocks, equipment breakdowns and pose a threat to people's health and lives.
Control and management of various parameters of premises is often performed manually, which reduces the quality of regulation of microclimate parameters. Continuous automatic monitoring will help to increase comfort and safety in the room, as well as reduce energy costs. The possibility of remote data transmission will allow you to quickly respond to emergency situations and take actions to prevent the development of accidents. These stories are relevant in the individual housing sector, and the designed buildings with the possibility of regulating microclimate parameters are best adapted to the Arctic climate.

Materials and methods
The development and testing of the software and hardware complex of the system for automated monitoring of microclimate parameters (monitoring system) and the system for automated control and metering of electricity was carried out on the basis of an experimental building (model object) on the territory of the Murmansk State Technical University [2]. The model object is a wooden laboratory house divided into three parts. The first classroom was built using double log technology, the second -frame technology. Between the two classrooms there is a vestibule and a utility room made using frame technology [3]. The main feature of the model object is the use of several types of thermal insulation material of enclosing structures (mineral wool, mats made of dried seaweed, ecowool, linen mats, sawdust and shavings) to determine the suitability of these materials for Arctic "green" construction [4][5][6][7].
At the first stage of the study, a software and hardware complex of the microclimate parameters monitoring system was developed ( Figure 1). Data from the sensors of the measuring subsystem is transmitted via the RS-485 interface (Modbus RTU) to the microcontroller using a signal converter to the TTL logic level. Data from the sensors of the indicator subsystem is transmitted to the controller via the I2C bus via a multiplexer. The collected information from microcontrollers located in various nodes of the facility, using a WiFi network, is sent to the panel controller via a router using the ModBus TCP protocol. The data received by the controller is archived to a USB flash drive, and also send via LAN to a cloud service to increase the reliability of data storage [8][9][10][11][12].
In parallel with the development of the monitoring system, studies were conducted related to the development and implementation of an automated electricity metering system. This system functions according to the algorithm: -Electric meters send a signal to the data collection device; -The data received from the measuring device is processed and transmitted to the controller.
-Information is processed on the controller using specially developed software. Automated electricity metering systems are designed to collect data on the use of electricity by various groups of consumers ( Figure 2). The main element of the system is eight electric meters with the ability to connect external communications via the RS-485 interface via the IEC 61107-2011 data transmission protocol.
The basis of the automated control system of the model object is a touch panel controller, to which the rest of the system elements are connected via RS-485 interfaces.
The panel controller has Internet access to connect to the Owen Cloud service and host WEB visualization for remote system management. The controller is programmatically implemented protection against unauthorized external access and an access system for groups of users with different rights. The panel controller performs periodic archiving of system parameters to an external data storage device.

Results and discussions
As a result, a system for monitoring and accounting of the buildings electricity was developed and tested at the model object in accordance with the test program. As part of the program, an experiment was conducted aimed at testing the functionality of two systems. In the course of the experiment, the software and hardware complex of the systems worked for a long time, during which the necessary refinement of the systems was carried out simultaneously, the causes of incorrect operation of its elements were eliminated. The main criterion for assessing the quality of system performance is the data archive collected during the experiment in the form of tables separately for each of the systems. The resulting array of measured values allowed not only to visualize the dynamics of changes in microclimate parameters, but also to track energy consumption.
The tables in which the readings of the monitoring system were recorded contain data on temperature and humidity from all sensors of the measuring and indicator subsystems.
The tables in which the readings of electricity meters were recorded contain the following data: -Voltage; -Friquency; -Current strength; -Power consumption at two tariffs; -Total power consumed.
In each group of sensors there is one sensor, which corrects the remaining temperature and humidity values of the indicators. The location of the sensors is shown in Figure 3.  Table 1. MSE and AD values is divided by color into classes: strong deviation (MSE value from 0 to 5, AD value from 0 to1 is green), medium deviation (MSE value from 5 to 15, AD value from 1 to 2,5 is yellow), weak deviation (MSE value over 15, AD value over 2,5 is red). The deviation of the temperature values of the indicators of all groups from the sensors does not exceed the error values for the devices used (±0.4 о С in the range up to 85 о С). A graphical representation of the analyzed data for node 9 with a minimum deviation of the temperature values is shown in Figure 4. In the entire measurement range, except for the two days during which the monitoring system was suspended at this node, the indicator and sensor data coincide.  The deviation of humidity values in different groups have different values. The greatest values of deviations have indicators in groups 3, 6, 10, located on the outer surface of the wall of the frame part of the model object and groups 2, 5, 7, 9, located inside the frame wall. The relative humidity values in these groups need to be adjusted. A graphical representation of the analyzed data for group 2 with the maximum deviation of humidity values is shown in Figure 5. In the entire measurement range, the relative humidity value read by the indicator differs from the sensor values by up to 10%.
The automated electricity metering system has been operating at the model object since  During one year of operation of the model facility in different models from February 7, 2022 to February 7, 2023, the total electricity consumption was 7939.94 kWh. During this period, 4224.41 kWh of electricity was spent on the work of the main consumers of the log part (convectors and the supply and exhaust system). The total consumption of electricity by consumers of the frame part was 2889,5 kWh, which is 46,2% less than the consumption of the log part. 826 kWh of electricity was consumed for the operation of the monitoring system, lighting of the model object, fire alarm and video surveillance.
During the experiments, the possibility of using these systems both in research and in processes where it is required to maintain the specified parameters of the indoor microclimate and efficient energy consumption is shown.

Conclusion
The development and research of systems for automated monitoring of microclimate parameters and electricity metering of a model object in Murmansk has been carried out.
The tests of the systems showed their operability and ended with the signing of the act of introduction into production.
The parameters of the deviation of the temperature indicators from the sensors are within the error set by the manufacturer and do not need to be adjusted.
The parameters of the deviation of the indicators of the humidity monitoring system from the sensors are determined. For most humidity indicators, correction of readings is required.
Based on the data of the automated electricity metering system, it was determined that the values of the voltage and frequency parameters match the requirements of the standard.
It was determined that during the year of operation of the model object, the total electricity consumption for the main consumers of the log part exceeded the consumption for consumers of the frame part by 46,2 %. Additional study of the power consumption of the model object in static and dynamic modes is required.