An approach to the digital transformation of industry based on the basic abstraction of the representation of the mechanism of action

. The article is devoted to the development of methods that provide an effective transition to digitalization of industry. The proposed approach is aimed at developing a basic abstraction to describe the activities performed by employees at the enterprise. The proposed description is formed for the purpose of further analysis and selection of digitalization tools in accordance with the identified functional needs. The structure of the basic abstraction of describing the organization of an action in the form of a mechanism is proposed, the composition of the components of the mechanism in the form of elements, functions, tools, goals and results of the action is described. A graphical form of displaying the spatial representation of the mechanism of action has been developed. Approaches to the objectification of the organization of an action reflecting the process of preparing an action, including the representation of the components of an action in the form of nested mechanisms, are considered. The direction of further research in this area is to develop a methodology for describing activities as an interconnected set of actions of individual users, as well as a procedure for assessing compliance between the activities of an enterprise and existing or developing systems for digitalizing its work. Another area of research may be the formation of functional requirements for the design of an information system for a specific enterprise, taking into account all the details and logic of the performance of production activities. The development of the proposed approach can become the basis for increasing the efficiency of the realization of digital technologies into the industry activities of enterprises and reducing the costs of implementing this process.


Introduction
One of the ways to increase the efficiency of manufacturing enterprises is the approach to digitalization of its activities, which consists in the implementation of digital technologies at all stages of production. However, several factors [1] hindering digital transformation are an obstacle on this path. One of them is the limited resources and the associated doubts of the company's management about the potential effectiveness of the proposed solutions in the conditions of a particular enterprise. This problem is very important in the context of the policy of active implementation of expensive software solutions and the need to digitalize the activities of industry and the economy of the all developing countries.
When implementing this policy, there are issues of duplication of the functionality of the created systems and inconsistency of the developed solutions to the real processes, which leads to inefficient spending of funds and delays in the project realization. This problem is especially actual when solving the tasks of developing and implementing digital technical systems at an enterprise that allow implementing new business models of industry 4.0. This problem is system and its solution will significantly accelerate the process of digitalization of enterprises in developing countries.
The solution of this problem can be a scientifically based methodology for evaluating the expediency of using digital solutions in the company's activities.
A feature of this methodology should be the ability to continuously evaluating the accordance of the company's activities and the functionality of systems being developed or acquired, as well as the ability to identify the need for modernization when the company's activities is changing. An important factor for the application of this technique should be its adaptability to use directly by specialists in industrial domain -delegate of the enterprise, and not by external consultants or developers of solutions.

Materials and Methods
The purpose of the research to solve the formulated problem is to develop a methodological basis for constructing a description of the company's activities.
By now methodologies and notations for describing business processes are based on structural, process or object-oriented approaches are used to describe the activities of enterprises. Their main disadvantage, from the point of view of the task, is the representation of business processes in the form of a meaningless description of the sequence of actions performed ("black boxes"), which does not allow forming a model sufficient for adequate implementation of the system and requires further clarification when performing development processes.
The modelling of activity of an enterprise includes the creation of a formal process model [2], described in mathematical or any other formalized language. The formal business models include state diagrams (STD), Petri nets (PN) and data flow diagrams (DTD). Each formalism defines a set of certain rules that the corresponding model must satisfy [3]. The formal models are the most accurate reflection of processes, but they idealize them, replacing the real process with an "ideal" one.
It is also possible to define the concept of "business process description", it is a reflection of the subjective vision of real processes using graphical, tabular and textual representation methods" [4].
Description of the processes that actually occur at the enterprise is impossible without reflecting the experience of implementing processes [5]. The holder of this experience is a direct participant in the process. However, the presence of subjectivity in the view of the object of description (enterprise activity) and the shortcomings of existing notations and methodologies (the "black box" abstraction used) lead to the appearance of ambiguity in the resulting description.
It is necessary to solve the problem of the presence of ambiguity in the description of the company's activities and the implemented functionality of the system. It is proposed to represent the activities of an enterprise and an individual employee on the basis of the introduction of a new basic abstraction that organizes the content of the concept of action, not only indicating this action, but also reflecting its content.
Unlike objects, in the study of which a set of parts is considered, which defines the original object, the action has no physical embodiment and cannot be adequately displayed in any static sign form [6]. That is why in the description of processes, the action is replaced by the term action, and its content is not defined and not fixed.
For the purpose of research, the concept of action can be represented by a methodological tool that can reflect the organization of the content of the concept. In the work of Rogozov [7] to represent the organization of the content of an action, it is proposed to use a methodological tool based on the geometric form proposed by T. Parsons [8].
The methodological tool proposed by Rogozov can be used not only for research, but also for constructing the content of an action, and therefore can be used in the tasks of designing activities and activity support systems.

Mechanism of action organization
As a basic abstraction, the introduction of the concept of "mechanism of action organization" is proposed, based on a spatial methodological means of representing the organization of the content of an action, which defines the rule for its implementation.
As action we will understand the act of activity, the process of interaction with any object in which a certain, predetermined, goal is achieved [9].
Researchers defines 3 main components in action [10]: a) preparation or formation of action; b) implementation; c) control and correction.
The second component of the proposed abstraction is the concept of a mechanism -a system (device) that determines the order of activity, process. The mechanism is a fixation, a form of prepared action that determines the rule of its execution.
In natural processes, the interaction of elements reflects the phenomenon of emergence, which leads to the appearance of a new object. In artificially organized processes, interaction must be prepared, and this organization can be fixed by the proposed basic abstraction of the mechanism of action.
Based on the definition of the mechanism of action organization, the following components of the basic abstraction can be defined, organized by the form during the preparation of the action: 1) Action element(s) -the object(s) on which the action is performed.
2) Function -reflection of the interaction of elements that must occur to achieve the target result.
3) A tool -is a rule for performing a function on elements that forms the logic of performing an action. It reflects the artificially created emergence effect necessary to obtain the result.
4) The goal -is the image of the target result of the action, recorded during the preparation of the action.
5) The result is a new object obtained during the realization of the action. The result should be equal to the goal that was defined during the preparation of the action. If they match, then we can say that the action was performed correctly, and the emergence effect was achieved.
When describing an action, depending on its type, elements (E) can reflect objects of different nature -both real material objects and abstract or informational ones used in the implementation of intellectual actions. For example, in the manufacture of a product, these may be the necessary materials, and in the implementation of the information process of data processing, the quantitative values of the parameters of some information object.
The function (F) in the mechanism can be represented as a controlled effect on the elements (element) of the action, which leads to their transformation into a result -a new object. The function can be either material, corresponding to a technological operation performed by a person or device, or abstract, corresponding to a mathematical or software operation.
The rule for performing a function on elements is set by the instrument(I) that determine how the function is performed. This part of the mechanism can be embodied materially into an instrument, if we are talking about an action performed in the material world. For mechanisms describing abstract actions, the mechanism sets the rules for performing an action as a way of combining elements and functions. If the described combination of elements and functions does not form an organized action and does not lead to a target result, then we can talk about the absence of an emergence effect.
The goal (G) and the result (R) of the action must be adequate to each other. If the result of the action does not match the target of the goal, it means that the action was formed incorrectly. Depending on the nature of the action, the result may be a new material object different from the original elements or a new abstract (informational) object. When organizing, forming an action, we operate only with the goal, because the result is not defined until the moment of execution of the action. Therefore, sometimes, when organizing any action, the concept of a goal (target result) is replaced by the concept of a result.

The visual representation of the mechanism of the organization of action
To construct a practically applicable description of individual actions of an employee's activity, it is proposed to use a graphical representation of the mechanism of action. This representation (Fig. 1) is based on a geometric design reflecting all the components of the organization of the action in the form of a rectangle divided into four sections, each of which contains one of its components. The first section on the left shows the action element (E), the second section shows the function (F), the third section contains the action instrument (I). The fourth section contains the combined designation of the goal and result. As noted earlier, when describing the activity, the main value in this cell is the goal, because the result will be obtained only after the implementation of this action.
In case of action requires the use of several elements to perform it, then all of them are displayed in the first section, as shown in Fig. 2.   Fig. 2. Mechanism of action with several elements.

Objectification of the components of action
The main task in forming the description of an action is to reflect its organization in such a way as to unambiguously fix all its components, and exclude ambiguity of understanding when performing it. At the same time, the meaning of some components of the action may require the exclusion of such ambiguity. For example, the meaning of the action element E1 may require clarification, objectification. This can be implemented by describing the action, as a result of which the element E1 will be produced (Fig. 3).   Fig. 3. Objectification of the action element. Figure 3 shows Action 2, for one of the elements of which -E1 is objectified through Action 1, which shows how the element E1 is organized.

Results and discussion
The proposed form of basic abstraction -the mechanism of action allows to describe the activities of an individual participant in the processes taking place at the enterprise. In comparison with the existing approaches, a new point of view on the object of the survey is proposed. As an object, it is proposed to consider the activity under study as a set of terms of actions necessary for its implementation.
To model an activity, the form of its execution is first organized, which determines the logical relationship and sequence, and then the form of action terms is filled with specific content (action mechanisms), specifying the elements and functions necessary for the implementation of the action to obtain a given result. Thus, at the first stage, the form allows you to reflect the ambiguity of the described activity, and at the second stage to proceed to its concretization.
For the development of the proposed direction, additional research is required on the procedure for objectifying the components of the mechanism of action, as well as the methodology for combining descriptions of the activities of individual employees into the overall activities of the enterprise within the framework of the business processes under study.
The solution of these tasks will make it possible to describe the activities of the enterprise and solve, on the basis of such a description, the tasks of forming functional requirements for information systems, determining the compliance of existing systems and business processes, selecting systems for the processes taking place at the enterprise. The results obtained will contribute to increasing the efficiency of digitalization of industrial production.