Effect of trees shaping methods on productivity and harvest quality in intensive apple orchards

. Our experiments on determining the effect of cutting and shaping branches on the productivity of low-growing apple orchards showed that the quality of cutting trees and the shape of the branches depend on the level of illumination. Based on it, it will be possible to think about the level of intensity of a particular garden, the productivity of photosynthesis and the final result, that is, a high yield. The more moderate the light pattern of the assimilation level of the gardens, the better the photosynthesis and the higher the productivity. This is directly related to the regular and scientific way of cutting trees and the quality of its implementation. This article presents scientifically based information on the study of the influence of the methods of giving shape to trees in intensive apple orchards on the quality of fruits. Depending on the average yield per tree, the highest yield per unit area compared to the control was recorded in the variant plants shaped by the Sparse-tier palmette method according to the rule. In this method of shaping, the yield of the Golden Delicious variety increased from 17.1 t/ha to 23.7 t/ha over the years. In the introduced winter variety Fuji, the highest yield was observed in the Italian palmette method. In this formative method, the productivity increased from 18.7 to 25.8 t/ha according to the research years, which allowed to grow an additional crop by 3.6-4.1 t/ha compared to the control option.


Introduction
According to the Decision of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated December 15, 2021, PQ-52 No. "On measures to support the fruit and vegetable industry by the state, to further develop the cluster and cooperation system in the network", to regularly increase the area of intensive apple orchards in Uzbekistan today, to Tasks such as improving the efficiency of horticulture at the expense of improving the maintenance technology are specified [1].
A number of scientists [2][3][4][5][6] have performed studies on the scheme of planting apple trees and methods of shaping play an important role in the formation of the quality of fruits.
According to the scientists, relatively fine, uniform and fully colored fruits are grown not in extensive gardens, but in intensive gardens [7,8].Cultivation in small graft-yards and giving the branch a spindle-shaped shape allows placing 2,000 to 5,000 trees per hectare in intensive apple orchards.This ensures a stable yield of 30-40 tons per hectare in mature orchards [9,10].
Yakubov and Nazarova [5] in the research conducted in the conditions of the Tashkent region, the density of the location of trees in gardens formed by the Tatura method was studied.When the plants were densely planted, the 17-year-old Rosemary apple trees yielded 30% more than the trees planted with regular spacing.

Materials and methods
Experiments were conducted according to the method developed in the Department of "Fruit and Viticulture".Research on the selected topic was conducted at the experimental site of the Information and Consultation Center (Extension Center) at Tashkent State Agrarian University.
In this experiment, the influence of the method of branching on the growth, development and productivity of autumn Golden Delicious, Starkrimson and winter Fuji apple varieties was investigated.The experiment was carried out in the following scheme: 1. Forming a branch (Spindlebush) -control.
2. Shaping the branch in the Italian palmette method.
Varieties were grafted onto graft-yards of pakana M-IX propagated vegetatively.Planting scheme is 4.0x2.0m.The experiment was carried out in four iterations and all agrotechnical activities were carried out according to the specified requirements.
The experiments were carried out in accordance with the recommendations of "Methodology of accounting and phenological observations in experiments with fruit and berry crops", Moiseychenko's "Methods of accounting and observations in experiments with fruit and berry crops", and statistical processing of experimental data according to Dospekhov method.dispersion analysis was performed.

Results and discussion
It is known that cutting and shaping the branch allows to effectively control the growth and yield period (including quantity and quality) of fruit trees.As we mentioned above, the more scientific pruning is organized according to the type of fruit tree, the type of graft yard used, the planting scheme and the method of growing trees, the more it slows down the aging of the trees, increases the activity of growth and the ability to form new branches, as a result, the fruit tree is provides a long-term stable and high-quality harvest.
In our research on the effect of the pruning method on maintaining the general condition of trees in a normal condition, preventing them from being too close to each other between the rows, as well as keeping the order of light supply of branches in an effective state, the total size of trees and annual growth activity were studied.
Observations showed that the general growth activity of branches in trees changed significantly depending on the method of shaping.In this case, the average annual growth length of the total one-year branches of the autumn Golden Delicious variety planted in the M-IX graft-yard was the highest in the control variant, which was shaped by the Spindlebush method.The average length of the branches in this experiment was 66.9 cm.
Slower growth compared to the control was observed in all shaping methods studied in the experiment.Especially when the branch was shaped by the Italian palmette method, it was noted that the growth power of the branches was significantly limited due to the fact that the branches were placed on a horizontal surface.The average annual growth length of branches in this method of branch shaping in the study years was in the range of 51.0 cm.In this variant of the experiment, the branching of the trees in the row interval was expressed in a weaker form (Table 1).In Sparse-tier palmette, because the branches were grown in a horizontal position, the annual growth rate was slower compared to the control.It is worth noting that when the branch of the Golden Delicious apple variety was shaped by the Slopy palmette method, the growth angle of the branches became sharper, and a significant activation was also noted in their growth power.In this experimental variant, although slower than in the control variant, stronger shoot growth was observed compared to Italian palmette and Sparse-tier palmette.That is, the extreme length of the branches became longer by 5.1 and 9.2 cm, respectively.
The study of the annual growth activity of the branches of the introduced winter Fuji apple variety depending on the method of shaping the branch made it possible to note the same situation as above in this variety, with a slight difference.First of all, in this variety, the strongest average annual growth of branches was noted when the control -that is, the branch -was shaped by the Spindlebush method.In this case, the average annual length of branches reached 69.8 cm.
The slowest growth of the introduced winter Fuji variety of apple was observed in the experimental plants where Italian palmette shaping was used.This is due to the fact that the main side branches of the tree (palmettes) are grown perpendicular to the central branch, in other words, in a completely horizontal position, so their growth power is significantly reduced, and the average annual growth does not exceed 51.2 cm.Similar results were observed in Sparse-tier palmette.However, since the branches were a little sparse, a slight activation of their growth force was noted.
An increase in growth activity was observed as branches moved from horizontal to vertical in the introduced winter Fuji apple variety.Therefore, in the Slopy palmette method, since the branches were grown at an angle of 70º to the central branch, i.e., from a horizontal position to a slightly vertical position, a significant activation of their growth force was also noted, and indicators close to the control option were observed.The changes in the general growth activity of the branches due to the shaping of the branches in different ways by the apple varieties had a significant effect on their productivity.In this place, such a law was observed that in both varieties, the closer the branches were from the vertical position to the horizontal position, the more the general growth force of the branches slowed down, and the faster their entry into the crop.This situation also led to differences in the productivity of the trees.
Our experiments on determining the effect of pruning and shaping methods on the productivity of low-growing apple orchards showed that the yield per unit area of autumn Golden Delicious apples grown in the M-IX graft yard was significantly different depending on the pruning method.
Observations showed that the average yield per tree of apple autumn Golden Delicious was the highest in Sparse-tier palmette (90º) (STP) shaping method compared to the control.Therefore, the average yield of one tree in the control variant -Spindlebush (SB) cutting method was 12.5-20.1 kg according to the research years, while it was 13.6-18.9kg in the Sparse-tier palmette method.
Depending on the method of shaping the branches, the lowest yield was recorded in the sloppy palmette (70º) (SP) method of autumn Golden Delicious apple trees.In this method of shaping, the average yield of one tree increased from 12.5 to 15.7 kg over the years.It was correspondingly 0.1-0.3kg less than the control variant, that is, it was at the level of the control variant.When the shape was given by the Italian palmette (IP) method, indicator took an intermediate place between the previous experimental options.Based on the average yield per tree, the theoretical yield per hectare was also differentiated based on the same trend as above.Consequently, the highest yield per unit area compared to the control was recorded when the branch was shaped by the Sparse-tier palmette method, according to the rule.In this formulation, the yield increased from 17.1 t/ha to 23.7 t/ha over the years, or the additional yield compared to the control was 1.3-3.6 t/ha, respectively.
The lowest gross yield was recorded in the experimental variant of branch shaping by the Slopy palmette method, the total yield from a unit of area in this shaping method was in the range of 15.7-19.7 t/ha.The experimental variant in which the trees were shaped by the Italian palmette method took an intermediate place depending on the average yield from one tree, and the yield varied in the range of 16.3-22.0t/ha.This means an excess yield of 0.63-1.8t/ha compared to the control.
A comparative analysis of the productivity of the introduced winter Fuji variety of apples grown by different methods of shaping made it possible to note a different situation compared to the autumn Golden Delicious variety.Therefore, the highest yield was observed in the autumn Golden Delicious variety of apple when it was shaped by the sparse layered palmette method, and in the Fuji variety, the highest expression of this indicator was recorded when the branch was shaped by the Italian palmette method.In this formative method, the yield per tree of the Fuji variety was 18.7 to 20.6 kg in the study years, or 2.9 to 4.1 kg more than the control.In this apple variety, the average yield per tree was not reduced compared to the control.Therefore, in the rest of the methods of forming -Sparsetier palmette and Slopy palmette, these indicators had close values and took an intermediate place (Table 2).
The yield per unit area was the highest when shaped by the Italian palmette method, depending on the average yield per tree.In this method of branching, the productivity increased from 18.7 to 25.8 t/ha in the research years, which allowed to grow an additional crop of 3.6-4.1 t/ha compared to the control option.
Trees of the introduced winter Fuji variety of apple yielded close to control but slightly higher yields when branched in the Sparse-tier palmette and Slopy palmette methods.According to the years of study, the gross yield of these forms was in the range of 17.1-22.8and 16.7-22.6t/ha.This made it possible to obtain an additional yield of 2.0-1.1 and 1.62-0.88t/ha, although it was at the level of the control variant (Table 2).It should be noted that the comparative analysis of the productivity of apple varieties depending on the method of shaping and the importance of using the most moderate option of shaping the branch based on the biological characteristics of each variety has been shown.Therefore, the highest productivity was recorded in the autumn Golden Delicious apple variety when it was shaped by the Sparse-tier palmette method, while in the winter Fuji variety, this indicator corresponded to the experimental variant that was shaped by the Italian palmette method.This is explained by the tendency of the branches of this variety to enter the crop more when grown horizontally.It has also been proven in the research of some scientists that when the branches of the Fuji variety are grown relatively upright, their yield rate drops sharply.

Conclusions
The average yield per tree of Golden Delicious was the highest in Sparse-tier palmette (90º) shaping method compared to the control.This variant provides 1.1-2.9kg higher yield compared to the control variant -Spindlebush cutting method (12.5-16.0kg), that is, the yield per tree reaches 13.6-18.9kg on average.
Depending on the method of shaping the branch, the lowest yield was recorded in the palmette method in the autumn Golden Delicious apple variety.In this method of shaping, the average yield of one tree increased from 12.7 to 15.7 kg over the years.It was correspondingly 0.1-0.3kg less than the control variant, that is, it was at the level of the control variant.When the shape was given by the Italian palmette method, this indicator took an intermediate place between the options of the previous experience.
In the introduced Fuji variety, the highest expression of this indicator was recorded when the branch was shaped by the Italian palmette method.In this method of shaping, the yield per tree of the Fuji cultivar was 14.9 to 20.6 kg in the study years, or 2.9 to 4.1 kg more than the control.
Depending on the average yield per tree, the highest yield per unit area compared to the control was recorded in the variant plants shaped by the Sparse-tier palmette method according to the rule.In this formative method, the yield of the Golden Delicious cultivar increased from 17.1 t/ha to 23.7 t/ha over the years, or the additional yield compared to the control was 1.3-3.6 t/ha, respectively.
In the introduced winter variety Fuji, the highest yield was observed in the Italian palmette method.In this formative method, the productivity increased from 18.7 to 25.8 t/ha according to the research years, which allowed to grow an additional crop by 3.6-4.1 t/ha compared to the control option.

Table 1 .
Average annual growth length of branches of apple varieties depending on the method of branch shaping (graft-yard M-IX, planting scheme 4.0x2.0m).

Table 2 .
Productivity of apple trees depending on the method of branch shaping (planting year 2012, planting scheme 4.0x2.0m).