Influence of Manganese Fertilizer on Efficiency of Grapes on Sandy Soils of the Chechen Republic

: According to Department of wine growing of the Ministry of Agriculture of Chechen Republic, the total ar-ea of vineyards exceeds 2200 hectares, from which 1193 hectares are a young vineyard. Wine-growers ex-pect to collect 1400 tons of solar berries during 2014 season. The average productivity of grapes is 1970 kg/hectare. In comparison with 2013 the gain makes about 25%. Wine-growers of the republic plan to de-liver the received crop for counters of grocery shops, markets of the republic. The wine growing and produc-tion of its processing are highly profitable, intensive and budget forming branch of agro-industrial complex of the republic. Development of new ways of productivity is actual purpose for scientific research with very high industrial applicability. Using of different kinds of manganese fertilizers is very promising method for Chechen Republic soils productivity improving. The new data has been obtained on manganese influence of grapes plantations productivity on sandy soils of the Chechen Republic as a result of the research. Man-ganese feeding is effective agricultural technique promoting the growth, development, increase of frost re-sistance and productivity of grapes plants. Manganese fertilizing of soils by 4 kg active ingredient per 1 ha against the background of nitrogen 90 kg/ha, phosphorus 90 kg/ha and potassium 90 kg/ha into a phase of grape sap flow promotes acceleration of damaged vineyards restoration by frosts, improves development of reproductive organs, allows to increase productivity. Application of this agricultural technique promotes increase in the content of sugar in grapes berries at essential decrease in acidity of juice.


Grape plants need a manganese throughout all
Grape is not only the most beautiful but also the most grapes plants is ions Mn . The average of manganese nutritious, delicious and health product. Viticulture can content in the shoots of grapes on sandy soils is not be conducted without taking into account the 9-11mg/kg of dry mass according to our data. The forms ecological potential of the region, soil and climatic of manganese content in grapes plants are Mn , Mn , conditions, the level of productive forces and production Mn [2,3]. relations, technological advances, the requirements of The role of manganese in the metabolism of plants is nature protection, ensuring economic effect. similar with magnesium and iron functions. This There has been recently began producing of compound activates the numerous ferments, especially vineyards bookmarks on the sands, both abroad and in during the process of phosphorylation. The manganese our country and many questions of mineral nutrition have participates in various redox chemical reactions, being a to be developed for each region. It has been required to part of redox ferments involved in the processes of take a study of agrochemical properties of different types respiration, photosynthesis and carbohydrate and of sandy soils, content of macro-and micronutrients and nitrogen metabolism of plants, due to the ability to their impact on the grape harvest [1].

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Manganese is involved in photosynthesis and method. Selection of soil samples was carried out Vitamin C synthesis. Manganese is involved in water according state standard methods [14]; general photolysis and it is necessary for maintaining the requirements for conducting soil analyzes [15]; nitrate structure of chloroplasts. It activates ferments involved in nitrogen in the soil [16]; exchange ammonium in the soil the oxidation one of the plant hormones-indoleacetic acid [17]; mobile forms of phosphorus and potassium in the (IAA), which is essential for the hormonal regulation of soil by the Machigin exchange method [18]. plant growth [5,6].
Sugar content of the berries [19] and titratable acidity The average manganese removal with the grapes [20] were determined according to according state harvest is nearly 1.2-1.5 kg/ha. The manganese deficiency standard methods. Statistics of results were determined affects many metabolic processes, in particular for the by Statistica 7.0. synthesis of hydrocarbons and proteins, since activates The purpose of field experiment is investigation of ferments in the plant [7]. different doses and timing effects of manganese fertilizer Signs of manganese deficiency in plants are mostly on growth, development and productivity of plantations. observed in carbonate soil, in strongly limed and some peaty and sandy soils at pH above 6.5 [8]. Manganese The scheme of field experiment: deficiency in plants is exacerbated at low temperature and high humidity [9].
In the work were used different fertilizers; sulphate Results of patent searches and generalization of manganese, ammonium silitra, super phosphate, published data show that studies were conducted on the potas-sium salt. Fertilizers were injected into the soil influence on the yield and quality of grapes and level of during the phases of sap flow, or the flowering stage, or security manganese plants in sandy soils [12]. Such the phase growth and the beginning of the ripening studies are not only of great practical but also of the berries by the hydro drills method at the distance of 80 cm theoretical value. from the bush, to a depth of 30 cm per year. There were The aim of the research is to determine the content of totally 16 wells in performed by hydro drills in each manganese in soils of Tersky sands and to identify the experimental variant. The Platovsky type grapes were physiological reaction to manganese fertilizer of Platovsky planting upon to 3 x 1.0 m scheme. Variants of experience grapes. To determine the effect of root feeding time and were laid in four replicates four plants in each. Forming of doses to productivity of vineyards.

MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Studies were carried out on fruiting vines Terek-The content of humus in the 0-20 cm soil layer of Kumskiy sands of vine producing farm "Burun" of studied sandy soils is 0.67%, in the 20-40 cm soil Shelkovskoy District of the Chechen Republic. The layer-0.66% and in the 60-150 cm soil layer-0.95% pH methods of agrobiological counts (the number of buds, ranges from 8.5 to 8.8. The phosphorus content in the shoots, buds on the bushes, accounting harvest berries 0-20 cm soil layer is 14.3 mg/kg, in the 20-40 cm soil from the bush and 1 hectare and the average mass of layer-10 mg/kg and in the 60-150 cm soil layer-13.0 mg/kg clusters) were performed on establishing the vineyards on of dry substance. industrial scale [13].
The average of potassium total amount at all soil Soil and plant samples were collected simultaneously profile depth varied from 121 to 143 mg/kg. The total for the determination of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, carbonate content in studied soils is 2.1-2.3%. The calcium, magnesium and boron microelements, cobalt, con-tent of nitrogen in the sandy loam soil is observed manganese, molybdenum, zinc by atomic absorption only in total analysis in a very small amount 0.02-0.04%.    (2011) Air-dry weight of roots Number of skeletal roots The average content of total manganese in studied soils The coldest month of 2012 was January. The em-ployed in the test area is from 8.5 to 24.3 mg/kg minimum winter temperature was observed to minus ( Table 1, Table 2). The content of water-soluble 35.7°C in January. In February the air temperature dropped manganese in studied soils on the average is 5.7 mg/kg or to minus 34.8°C. Shift through the average decade about 1.2% of the total amount (Table 1).
temperature +10°C was in early April. The share of firmly bound compounds more than 90% Multiple slices on vines wood showed the presence accounts for the major part of the total manganese of frost damages on bushes heads, sleeves and content in the soil. Firmly bound compounds of grapevines. Temperature at a depth of 30 cm of soil in the manganese are included in the primary and secondary state farm "Burunny" briefly dropped to minus 10-14°C. minerals of silicate (clay minerals) and non-silicate origin As a result, the root system of the hybrids with the Amur (oxides, manganese hydroxides, salts). Firmly bound in grapes has been damaged on this depth. Live roots was the organic wastes manganese and compounds of its preserved, starting at the depth of 35 cm. transformation (including humic substances) have less Results of geobotanical research of grapes plants of effect at the total level of manganese in the soil due to the field experiment in 2011 and 2012 showed that adding of relatively low share and significantly lower stability manganese fertilizer had positive effect on plants growth compared to mineral manganese matrixes [21].
( Table 3, 4). The average length of shoots on the control It should be noted that weather conditions were variant without fertilizer was 154.6 cm in 2011 (Table 3). varied during the research that allowed examining their In the variant with the adding of manganese into the effects on grapes plants. Average monthly spring and phase of sap flow at the dose of 4 kg/ha the average summer temperatures of 2011 were higher than historical length of shoots was 180 cm. It has been considerably averages (from 1.0°C in April to 4.2°C in July). The reduced the growth on insertion of manganese into the summer was hot and the maximum temperature recorded flowering phase, 164.4 cm, respectively and even less +39.6°C 28 of July. Maximum soil surface temperature on growth was in the growth phase and in the beginning of that day was 50°C. In summer months, the air temperature berries ripening-149.4 cm. was above perennial indicators (1.8, 4.2 and 1.6°C, The maximum value of average length of shoots respectively). The sum of active air temperatures during reached in the variant with fertilization by 4 kg/ha Mn into these months exceeded the long-term data on the 237.7°C. the phase of sap flow. Using the lower and higher doses Winter in 2011-2012 was snowless, with frequent thaws.
of manganese sulphate reduced its effectiveness on Snow cover was low and quite unstable. In the grapes morpho biometrics characteristics (Table 3). northern part of the country (Shelkovskoj district) had The rate of accumulation of dry biomass increased wind activity. It was 30 days with strong winds above-ground organs of plants is the criterion of in 2011 with maximum speed reached 15 m/s. The annual photosynthesis efficiency. Their level is determined by rainfall was 341.4 mm.
the synthesis of organic substances and spending them

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Variant of field experiment of shoots, cm of the shoots, mm Yield, t/ha the berries, g/dm t /ha g/dm 3 3 Adding into the phase of sap flow   Variant of field experiment of shoots, cm of the shoots, mm Yield, t /ha content, g/dm t/ha g/dm 3 3 Adding into the phase of sap flow on the process of breathing. The data show that with the area of the leaf blade, as well as the total area of increasing doses of manganese sulphate to a certain limit leaves on one bush and 1 ha, changed depending on the (4 kg/ha) in th phase of sap flow the diameter of shoots dose and timing of manganese fertilizing. Climatic amounted to 6.0 mm, in the blooming phase-5.7 mm, in the conditions in 2011 were favorable for overwintering and growth phase and in the early fruit ripening-5.2 mm growing of grapes during the growing season. When (Table 4) [11].
de-termining the average weight of fruits found that The study of the nature of the leaf surface Pla-tovsky man-ganese stimulates berries significantly increasing grapes showed that the number of leaves on the bush, their weight [7].
Yield increased on a variant with the adding of that manganese fertilizer at a dose of 4 kg / ha is enough N90R90K90+Manganese (2 kg/ha) compared to the control without manganese adding was 1.7 kg / ha. Also the in-crease in sugar content of berries was 2 g/dm . 3 The dif-ferences on experience options of yield were significant.
The highest rates in development and productivity of plants are obtained by manganese insertion into the phase of sap flow in the amount of 4 kg/ha. In this vari-ants the yield was 74.6 t/ha or above 3 kg/ha, compared to the dose of manganese 2 kg/ha [21].
The most intensive restoration of root Platovsky grapes after a harsh winter in 2012 occurred with the introduction of manganese in the phase of sap flow at a dose of 4 kg/ha ( Table 2). This is confirmed by an in-crease in the amount of skeletal roots at 40 pcs of grape plants in the variant with the adding of the manganese of 4 kg / ha. Adding manganese fertilizer at a dose of 4 kg / ha promotes the formation and growth of the root system that is interconnected with the life of the aerial plant organs.
The development of the root system provides in-creased absorption capacity of the roots and, as a con-sequence, increase the intensity of the growth of aerial organs. Improvements in these indicators affect the biomass accumulation and the formation of the leaf surface. According to a survey of the field experiment in 2012 found that Mn fertilizers had a positive effect on plant growth (Table 4).
Thus, on insertion in the phase of sap flow the av-erage length of shoots on the control made without ferti-lizer was 133,8 cm, in option of manganese insertion in the dose of 4 kg/ha in this phase-167.9 cm,-150 cm in flowering phase, in a growth phase and early berries rip-ening was 145.9 in 2012. The most actively growing were plants with adding manganese fertilizer into the phase of sap flow [22].
The maximum value of this index reached in the variant with adding of fertilizers into the soil at a dose of 4 Mn kg per hectare, while using lower and higher doses of micronutrient its efficiency decreased [22]. The data shows that only one limited dose of manganese sulphate 4 kg / ha adding in the phase of sap flow increased the diameter of grapes plants up to 5.8 mm, at the flowering stage-up to 5.7 mm and in the growth phase and early fruit ripening-up to 5, 5 mm [8].
On insertion into the soil a higher amount thereof (6 kg/ha and 8 kg/ha) the growth of shoots and their diam-eter are increased. A similar effect occurs in the case of Mn appliance in doses of 2 kg/ha [23]. The data shows for the activation of the grape production process (Table 4).

CONCLUSION
Manganese content in the soil profile studied soils varies greatly, ranging from 8 to 24.3 mg or 15 times less than in the alluvial soils of the Chechen Republic. Man-ganese fertilizer is effective farming techniques promot-ing the growth of development, hardiness and productiv-ity of grape plants in Shelkovskoy District of Chechen Republic.
The most effectiveness is manganese fertilizing by adding active manganese into the phase of sap flow at a dose of 4 kg/ha on the background of N90, 90, 90. It is recomended to add to the sandy soils of Chechen Re-public of 4 kg of active ingredient per hectare manga-nese in the phase of sap flow in order to accelerate the recovery of vineyards damaged by frost, to enhance the development of reproductive organs.