Brain-inspired neuromorphic computing has become one of the critical technologies to overcome the bottleneck of von Neumann architecture. It is a vital step to construct a brain-like neuromorphic computing system at the hardware level by utilizing artificial synaptic devices. Compared with electronic synaptic devices, optoelectronic synaptic devices have the advantages of low power consumption, low crosstalk, and high bandwidth. Artificial optoelectronic synapses, analogous to retinal structure, can directly respond to and process light signal information to mimic the neuromorphic visual system. As high-level nerve impulses, both generated and regulated, emotions affect the strength and persistence of memory. Ambient illumination can provide visual perception to distinguish the size, color, and other characteristics of objects as well as affect the nonvisual functions of individuals, such as emotional states, thereby affecting learning and memory function. Herein, an artificial optoelectronic synapse composed of ITO/TiO_2−x/p-Si was proposed. A variety of biologically dependent synaptic plasticity relating to learning and memory, including short-term synaptic plasticity, long-term synaptic plasticity, and learning-forgetting-relearning multifunctional advanced synaptic activity, was successfully simulated. A 3 × 3 artificial optoelectronic synapse array based on 9 devices was constructed to mimic the functions of visual learning and memory affected by internal emotion and ambient illumination. The proposed artificial optoelectronic synapse will exhibit great potential in visual and image information perception and memory.