* Corresponding authors

^a MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
E-mail: ysyu@hit.edu.cn

^b Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
E-mail: ssun@brown.edu

^c School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China

^d Department of Materials Science & Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
E-mail: guosj@pku.edu.cn

^e Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, CAS, Shanghai 201204, China

^f School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA