Novel laser-assisted glass frit encapsulation for long-lifetime perovskite solar cells†
‡a
Seyedali
Emami,
‡a
Rúben
Madureira,
ab
Joaquim
Mendes,
bc
Dzmitry
Ivanou
*a
and
Adélio
Mendes
*a
Abstract
Hermetic encapsulation protects perovskite solar cells (PSCs) from degradations induced by humidity and oxygen. A novel dual laser beam glass frit sealing process is developed and optimized to hermetically encapsulate PSCs. A 3D transient phenomenological model of the laser-assisted encapsulation is developed, validated and used to optimize the glass sealing procedure. During the laser-sealing process, the cells are subjected to 65 ± 5 °C for a short time of <60 s. This extremely low process temperature glass sealing procedure is applied to encapsulate n–i–p PSCs fabricated with a poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine] (PTAA) hole transport layer (HTL). The long-term stability of the encapsulated PSCs is examined under elevated humidity conditions and by thermal cycling tests. No performance variations after 500 h of humidity aging at 85% RH and 50 thermal cycles of −40 °C to 65 °C are observed. Though a 16% PCE loss is observed after thermal cycles between −40 °C and 85 °C, XRD analysis revealed no perovskite decomposition and the performance losses are assigned to the thermal degradation of the HTL material. A hermetic encapsulation is a critical step for the transition of PSCs from the laboratory to the market and this glass encapsulation ensures a successful path towards the commercialization of these emerging PV devices.
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