Skip to main content
Log in

Coumaric amide rotaxanes: effects of hydrogen bonding and mechanical interlocking on the photochemistry and photophysics

  • Paper
  • Published:
Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Secondary amide derivatives of coumaric and ferulic acid are shown to undergo photoisomerization, forming a photostationary mixture of E- and Z-isomers. When the same chromophores are incorporated in rotaxanes, the extent of conversion to the Z-isomers is much smaller. Low temperature fluorescence experiments show that the energy barrier for non-radiative decay of the excited state is higher in the rotaxanes than in the corresponding threads, but the barriers are low in all cases.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. T. E. Meyer, Isolation and characterization of soluble cytochromes, ferredoxins and other chromophoric proteins from the halophilic phototrophic bacterium Ectothiorhodospira halophila, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1985, 806, 175–183.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. T. E. Meyer, G. Tollin, J. H. Hazzard and M. A. Cusanovich, Photoactive Yellow Protein from the Purple Phototrophic Bacterium, Ectothiorhodospira-Halophila - Quantum Yield of Photobleaching and Effects of Temperature, Alcohols, Glycerol, and Sucrose on Kinetics of Photobleaching and Recovery, Biophys. J., 1989, 56, 559–564.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. W. D. Hoff, P. Düx, K. Hård, B. Devreese, I. M. Nugteren-Roodzant, W. Crielaard, R. Boelens, R. Kaptein, J. Van Beeumen and K. J. Hellingwerf, Thiol Ester-Linked p-Coumaric Acid as a New Photoactive Prosthetic Group in a Protein with Rhodopsin-Like Photochemistry, Biochemistry, 1994, 33, 13959–13962.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. W. D. Hoff, I. H. M. van Stokkum, H. J. van Ramesdonk, M. E. van Brederode, A. M. Brouwer, J. C. Fitch, T. E. Meyer, R. van Grondelle and K. J. Hellingwerf, Measurement and Global Analysis of the Absorbency Changes in the Photocycle of the Photoactive Yellow Protein from Ectothiorhodospira-Halophila, Biophys. J., 1994, 67, 1691–1705.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. A. R. Kroon, W. D. Hoff, H. P. M. Fennema, J. Gijzen, G. J. Koomen, J. W. Verhoeven, W. Crielaard and K. J. Hellingwerf, Spectral tuning, fluorescence, and photoactivity in hybrids of photoactive yellow protein, reconstituted with native or modified chromophores, J. Biol. Chem., 1996, 271, 31949–31956.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. A. Baltuska, I. H. M. van Stokkum, A. Kroon, R. Monshouwer, K. J. Hellingwerf, R. van Grondelle, The primary events in the photoactivation of yellow protein, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1997, 270, 263–266.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. P. Changenet, H. Zhang, M. J. van der Meer, K. J. Hellingwerf and M. Glasbeek, Subpicosecond fluorescence upconversion measurements of primary events in yellow proteins, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1998, 282, 276–282.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. H. Chosrowjan, N. Mataga, Y. Shibata, Y. Imamoto and F. Tokunaga, Environmental effects on the femtosecond-picosecond fluorescence dynamics of photoactive yellow protein: Chromophores in aqueous solutions and in protein nanospaces modified by site-directed mutagenesis, J. Phys. Chem. B, 1998, 102, 7695–7698.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. K. J. Hellingwerf, J. Hendriks and T. Gensch, Photoactive Yellow Protein, A New Type of Photoreceptor Protein: Will This “Yellow Lab” Bring Us Where We Want to Go?, J. Phys. Chem. A, 2003, 107, 1082–1094.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. P. Changenet-Barret, A. Espagne, N. Katsonis, S. Charier, J.-B. Baudin, L. Jullien, P. Plaza and M. M. Martin, Excited-state relaxation dynamics of a PYP chromophore model in solution: influence of the thioester group, Chem. Phys. Lett., 2002, 365, 285–291.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. P. Changenet-Barret, A. Espagne, S. Charier, J. B. Baudin, L. Jullien, P. Plaza, K. J. Hellingwerf and M. M. Martin, Early molecular events in the photoactive yellow protein: role of the chromophore photophysics, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2004, 3, 823–829.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. D. S. Larsen, M. Vengris, I. H. M. van Stokkum, M. A. van der Horst, R. A. Cordfunke, K. J. Hellingwerf and R. v. Grondelle, Initial photo-induced dynamics of the photoactive yellow protein chromophore in solution, Chem. Phys. Lett., 2003, 369, 563–569.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. H. El-Gezawy, W. Rettig, A. Danel and G. Jonusauskas, Probing the photochemical mechanism in photoactive yellow protein, J. Phys. Chem. B, 2005, 109, 18699–18705.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. D. S. Larsen and R. van Grondelle, Initial photoinduced dynamics of the photoactive yellow protein, ChemPhysChem, 2005, 6, 828–837.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. M. Vengris, D. S. Larsen, M. A. van der Horst, O. F. A. Larsen, K. J. Hellingwerf and R. van Grondelle, Ultrafast dynamics of isolated model photoactive yellow protein chromophores: “Chemical perturbation theory” in the laboratory, J. Phys. Chem. B, 2005, 109, 4197–4208.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. A. Espagne, D. H. Paik, P. Changenet-Barret, M. M. Martin and A. H. Zewail, Ultrafast photoisomerization of photoactive yellow protein chromophore analogues in solution: Influence of the protonation state, ChemPhysChem, 2006, 7, 1717–1726.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. A. Espagne, P. Changenet-Barret, P. Plaza and M. M. Martin, Solvent effect on the excited-state dynamics of analogues of the photoactive yellow protein chromophore, J. Phys. Chem. A, 2006, 110, 3393–3404.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. A. Espagne, P. Changenet-Barret, J.-B. Baudin, P. Plaza and M. M. Martin, Photoinduced charge shift as the driving force for the excited-state relaxation of analogues of the Photoactive Yellow Protein chromophore in solution, J. Photochem. Photobiol., A, 2007, 185, 245–252.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. F. G. Gatti, D. A. Leigh, S. A. Nepogodiev, A. M. Z. Slawin, S. J. Teat and J. K. Y. Wong, Stiff, and Sticky in the Right Places: The Dramatic Influence of Preorganizing Guest Binding Sites on the Hydrogen Bond-Directed Assembly of Rotaxanes, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2001, 123, 5983–5989.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. C. M. Keaveney and D. A. Leigh, Shuttling through anion recognition, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 2004, 43, 1222–1224.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. S. I. Van Dijk, P. G. Wiering, C. P. Groen, A. M. Brouwer, J. W. Verhoeven, W. Schuddeboom and J. M. Warman, Solvent dependent switching between two dipolar excited states in a rigidly extended trichromophoric system, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., 1995, 91, 2107–2114.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. V. Bermudez, N. Capron, T. Gase, F. G. Gatti, F. Kajzar, D. A. Leigh, F. Zerbetto and S. W. Zhang, Influencing intramolecular motion with an alternating electric field, Nature, 2000, 406, 608–611.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. F. G. Gatti, S. León, J. K. Y. Wong, G. Bottari, A. Altieri, A. M. F. Morales, S. J. Teat, C. Frochot, D. A. Leigh, A. M. Brouwer and F. Zerbetto, Photoisomerization of a Rotaxane Hydrogen Bonding Template: Light-induced Acceleration of a Large Amplitude Rotational Motion, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2003, 100, 10–14.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. B. Valeur, Molecular Fluorescence. Principles and Applications, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  25. F. Mohamadi, N. G. J. Richards, W. C. Guida, R. Liskamp, M. Lipton, C. Caufield, G. Chang, T. Hendrickson and W. C. Still, Macromodel - an Integrated Software System For Modeling Organic and Bioorganic Molecules Using Molecular Mechanics, J. Comput. Chem., 1990, 11, 440–467.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. C. W. Still, A. Tempczyk, R. C. Hawley and T. Hendrickson, Semianalytical treatment of solvation for molecular mechanics and dynamics, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1990, 112, 6127–6129.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. M. Goes, M. de Groot, M. Koeberg, J. W. Verhoeven, N. R. Lokan, M. J. Shephard, M. N. Paddon-Row, Temperature dependence of charge-transfer fluorescence from extended and U-shaped donor-bridge-acceptor systems in glass-forming solvents, J. Phys. Chem. A, 2002, 106, 2129–2134.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. G. Groenhof, M. Bouxin-Cademartory, B. Hess, S. P. De Visser, H. J. C. Berendsen, M. Olivucci, A. E. Mark and M. A. Robb, Photoactivation of the photoactive yellow protein: Why photon absorption triggers a trans-to-cis isomerization of the chromophore in the protein, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2004, 126, 4228–4233.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. J. Smid and A. M. Grotens, Viscosity behavior of solutions of sodium tetraphenylboron and its glyme complexes in ethereal solvents, J. Phys. Chem., 1973, 77, 2377–2382.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. D. Nicholls, C. Sutphen and M. Szwarc, Dissociation of lithium and sodium salts in ethereal solvents, J. Phys. Chem., 1968, 72, 1021–1027.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. N. Mataga, H. Chosrowjan, Y. Shibata, Y. Imamoto and F. Tokunaga, Effects of modification of protein nanospace structure and change of temperature on the femtosecond to picosecond fluorescence dynamics of photoactive yellow protein, J. Phys. Chem. B, 2000, 104, 5191–5199.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. J. Berna, A. M. Brouwer, S. M. Fazio, N. Haraszkiewicz, D. A. Leigh and C. M. Lennon, Rotaxanes Mimicking Photoactive Yellow Protein: effects of hydrogen bonding and mechanical interlocking on the properties of the coumaric amide chromophore, Chem. Commun., 2007, DOI: 10.139/b618781a.

    Google Scholar 

  33. N. Haraszkiewicz, Photo- and electro-activation of hydrogen bonded rotaxanes, PhD Thesis, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  34. F. D. Lewis, J. E. Elbert, A. L. Upthagrove and P. D. Hale, Structure and Photoisomerization of (E)- and (Z)-Cinnamamides and Their Lewis Acid Complexes, J. Org. Chem., 1991, 56, 553–561.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Albert M. Brouwer or David A. Leigh.

Additional information

This paper was published as part of the special issue to commemorate the 70th birthday of Vincenzo Balzani. Professor Balzani made important contributions to the photochemistry of olefins and to the research on photoactive mechanically interlocked systems (“Molecular machinery”), two topics which come together in this paper.

Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: Details of NMR and UV spectra resulting from photoisomerization experiments. See DOI: 10.1039/b618795a

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Brouwer, A.M., Fazio, S.M., Haraszkiewicz, N. et al. Coumaric amide rotaxanes: effects of hydrogen bonding and mechanical interlocking on the photochemistry and photophysics. Photochem Photobiol Sci 6, 480–486 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1039/b618795a

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/b618795a

Navigation