Skip to main content
Log in

Photochromism of phenoxynaphthacenequinones: diabatic or adiabatic phenyl group transfer

  • Paper
  • Published:
Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The photochromic reactions of 6-phenyloxy-5,12-naphthacenequinone (1) and of the 6,11-diphenyloxy derivative 2 were investigated by subpicosecond pump-probe, photoacoustic, and emission spectroscopies, and by nanosecond laser flash photolysis (LFP). The transformation of the trans-quinones 1 and 2 to their ana-isomers proceeds via short-lived triplet states of 1 and 2 (tca. 2 ns) and spiro-bridged biradical intermediates (ca. 6 ns). The long-lived (μs) ana-triplets that are observed by LFP of 1 and 2 are formed (predominantly) by reexcitation of the biradicals and ana-quinones, which appear during the laser pulse. The reverse reaction, anatrans, proceeds exclusively from the lowest p,p* singlet state of the ana-quinones.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. C. Marschalk, C. Stumm, Problème de constitution dans la série du tetracene, Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr., 1946, 418–428.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Yu. E. Gerasimenko, N. T. Poteleshchenko, Photoisomerization of 6-phenoxy-5,12-naphthacenequinone, Zh. Org. Khim., 1971, 7, 2413–2415. engl. transl.: J. Org. Chem. USSR, 1971, 2505-2507

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Yu. E. Gerasimenko, A. A. Parshutkin, N. T. Poteleshchenko, V. P. Poteleshchenko, V. V. Romanov, Photochromism of peri-aryloxy-p-quinones. Determination of molar absorption coefficients of 6-phenoxy-5,11-naphthacenequinones, Zh. Prik. Spektr., 1979, 30, 954–956.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. I. L. Belaits, N. T. Sokolyuk, A. A. Parshutkin, L. P. Samsonova, Yu. E. Gerasimenko, Spectral-luminescent properties and relative positions of the low-lying p,p* and n,p* levels of molecules of the photoisomerized form of photochromic naphthacenequinone, Zh. Fiz. Khim., 1986, 60, 640–645.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Yu. P. Strokach, V. A. Barachevskii, N. T. Sokolyuk, Yu. E. Gerasimenko, Mechanism of photoisomerization of phenoxynaphthacenequinones in solution during laser photoexcitation, Khim. Fiz., 1987, 6, 320–325.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. A. Doron, M. Portnoy, M. Lion-Dagan, E. Katz, I. Willner, Amperometric Transduction and Amplification of Optical Signals Recorded by a Phenoxynaphthacenequinone Monolayer Electrode: Photochemical and pH-gated Electron Transfer, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1996, 118, 8937–8944.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. A. J. Myles, N. R. Branda, Porphyrinic phenoxynaphthacenequinones, Tetrahedron Lett., 2000, 41, 3785–3788.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. S. Y. Ju, D.-I. Kwon, S.-J. Min, K.-D. Ahn, K. H. Park, J.-M. Kim, Synthesis and photochromism of polymer-bound phenoxyquinone derivatives, J. Photochem. Photobiol., A, 2003, 160, 151–157.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. A. Zelichenok, F. Buchholz, E. Fischer, J. Ratner, V. Krongauz, H. Anneser, C. Bräuchle, Photochemistry and multiple holographical recording in polymers with photochromic phenoxy-naphthacene-quinone side groups, J. Photochem. Photobiol., A, 1993, 76, 135–141.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. A. V. El’tsov, Organic Photochromes, Consultants Bureau, New York and London, 1990, translation edited by J. Whittal N. P. Gritsan, L. S. Klimenko, Photochromism of quinoid compounds: properties of photo-induced ana-quinones, J. Photochem. Photobiol., A, 1993, 70, 103–117.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  11. J. Malkin, A. Zelichenok, V. Krongauz, A. S. Dvornikov, P. M. Rentzepis, Photochromism and Kinetics of Naphthacenequinones, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 1101–1105.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. D. V. Malakhov, F. E. Gostev, N. I. Koroteev, V. V. Lozovoi, S. A. Magnitskii, O. M. Sarkisov, D. G. Tovbin, A. A. Titov, Khim. Fiz., 1999, 18, 18–25.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. D. V. Malakhov, F. E. Gostev, N. I. Koroteev, V. V. Lozovoi, S. A. Magnitskii, O. M. Sarkisov, D. G. Tovbin, A. A. Titov, Chem. Phys. Rep., 2000, 18, 1217–1232 (engl. transl.)

    Google Scholar 

  14. Th. Förster, Diabatic and adiabatic processes in photochemistry, Pure Appl. Chem., 1970, 24, 443–449.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. N. J. Turro, J. McVey, V. Ramamurthy, P. Lechtken, Adiabatic photoreactions of organic molecules, Angew. Chem., Int. ed. Engl., 1979, 18, 572–586.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. J. Wirz, G. Persy, E. Rommel, I. Murata, K. Nakasuji, Photoisomerization Pathways of 8,16-Methano[2.2]metacyclophane-1,9-diene. A Model Case for Adiabatic Electrocyclic Ring Closure in the Excited Singlet State, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1984, 67, 305–317.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. F. Buchholtz, A. Zelichenok, V. Krongauz, Synthesis of New Photochromic Polymers Based on Phenoxynaphthacenequinone, Macromolecules, 1993, 26, 906–910.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Yu. E. Gerasimenko, N. T. Poteleshchenko, V. V. Romanov, Photochromism of peri-arylhydroxy-p-quinones. Synthesis of some substituted phenoxynaphthacenequinones, Zh. Org. Khim., 1980, 16, 1938–1945 (engl. transl.)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Yu. E. Gerasimenko, N. T. Poteleshchenko, V. V. Romanov, J. Org. Chem. USSR, 1980, 16, 1651–1656.

    Google Scholar 

  20. G. Gauglitz, S. Hubig, Chemical actinometry in the UV by azobenzene in concentrated solution: A convenient method, J. Photochem., 1985, 30, 121–125.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. E. Hasler, A. Hörmann, G. Persy, H. Platsch, J. Wirz, Singlet and Triplet Biradical Intermediates in the Valence Isomerization of 2,7-Dihydro-2,2,7,7-tetramethylpyrene, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1993, 115, 5400–5409.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. L. A. Melton, T. Ni, Q. Lu, Photoacoustic calorimetry: a new cell design and improved analysis algorithms, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 1989, 60, 3217–3223.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. T. Ni, R. A. Caldwell, L. A. Melton, The relaxed and spectroscopic energies of olefin triplets, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 457–464.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. L. Plistil, T. Solomek, J. Wirz, D. Heger, P. Klan, Photochemistry of 2-Alkoxymethyl-5-methylphenacyl Chloride and Benzoate, J. Org. Chem., 2006, 71, 8050–8058.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. M. Gaplovsky, Y. V. Il’ichev, Y. Kamdzhilov, S. Kombarova, M. Mac, M. A. Schwörer, J. Wirz, 2,5-Photochemical reaction mechanisms of 2-nitrobenzyl compounds: 2-Nitrobenzyl alcohols form 2-nitroso hydrates by dual proton transfer, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2005, 4, 33–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Y. Yokoyama, S. Fukui, Y. Yokoyama, Photochromic Properties of Thermally Irreversible 6-Aryloxy-5,12-naphthacenequinones, Chem. Lett., 1996, 1996, 355–356.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Z. Fang, S. Wang, Z. Yang, B. Chen, F. Li, J. Wang, S. Xu, Z. Jiang, T. Fang, Synthesis and photochromism in solution of phenoxynaphthacenequinone derivatives, J. Photochem. Photobiol., A, 1995, 88, 23–30.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. R. Zahradnik, P. Carsky, Conjugated Radicals I. Introductory Remarks and Methods of calculation, J. Phys. Chem., 1970, 74, 1235–1239.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. R. Zahradnik, P. Carsky, Conjugated Radicals III. Calculations of Electronic Spectra of Alternant Odd Radicals of the Allyl, Benzyl, and Phenalenyl Types, J. Phys. Chem., 1970, 74, 1249–1254.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. R. W. Chambers, D. R. Kearns, Triplet states of some common photosensitizing dyes, Photochem. Photobiol., 1969, 10, 215–219.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. J. Wirz, Spectroscopic and kinetic investigations of conjugated biradical intermediates, Pure Appl. Chem., 1984, 56, 1289–1300.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. F. Kita, W. Adam, P. Jordan, W. M. Nau, J. Wirz, 1,3-Cyclopentanediyl Diradicals: Substituent and Temperature Dependence of Triplet-Singlet Intersystem Crossing, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1999, 121, 9265–9275.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. M.-A. Hangarter, A. Hörmann, Y. Kamdzhilov, J. Wirz, Primary photoreactions of phylloquinone (vitamin K1) and plastoquinone-1 in solution, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2003, 2, 524–535.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. M. Ramseier, P. Senn, J. Wirz, Photohydration of Benzophenone in Aqueous Acid, J. Phys. Chem. A, 2003, 107, 3305–3315.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. N. P. Gritsan, L. S. Klimenko, E. M. Shvartsberg, I. V. Khmelinski, E. P. Fokin, Mechanism of photochromic transformations of peri-acyloxy-9,10- and 1,4-anthraquinone derivatives, J. Photochem. Photobiol., A, 1990, 52, 137–156.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. N. P. Gritsan, A. Kellmann, F. Tfibel, L. S. Klimenko, Laser Flash Photolysis Study of the Reaction Mechanism in the Photochromism of 1-(Acyloxy)-2-methoxyanthraquinones, J. Phys. Chem. A, 1997, 101, 794–801.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. U. Lachish, A. Shafferman, G. Stein, Intensity dependence in laser flash photolysis experiments: Hydrated electron formation from ferrocyanide, tyrosine, and tryptophan, J. Chem. Phys., 1976, 64, 4205–4211.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. M. Zander, über die Elektronenspektren der Acenchinone, Ber. Bunsen-Ges. Phys. Chem., 1967, 71, 424–429.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. R. S. Becker, L. V. Natarajan, Comprehensive Absorption/Chemical, and Theoretical Study of 2-5-Ring Aromatic Hydrocarbon Diones, J. Phys. Chem., 1993, 97, 344–349.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. M. Yamaji, T. Itoh, S. Tobita, Photochemical properties of the triplet π,π* state, anion, and ketyl radicals of 5,12-naphthacenequinone in solution studied by laser flash photolysis: electron transfer and phenolic H-atom transfer, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2002, 1, 869–876.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. C. Grewer, H. D. Brauer, J. Phys. Chem., 1994, 98, 4230–4235.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. W. G. Dauben, L. Salem, N. J. Turro, Classification of photochemical reactions, Acc. Chem. Res., 1975, 8, 41–54.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jakob Wirz.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Born, R., Fischer, W., Heger, D. et al. Photochromism of phenoxynaphthacenequinones: diabatic or adiabatic phenyl group transfer. Photochem Photobiol Sci 6, 552–559 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1039/b618661k

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/b618661k

Navigation