The Flood–Neumann–Döring–Reiss–Doyle theory gives a strong dependence of the nucleation rate on the humidity (for r.h. < 100%) and shows that under atmospheric condition H2SO4, but not HNO3, SO2, or NH3, contributes directly to the aerosol nucleation without pre-existing nuclei. Typically, 109 H2SO4 molecules per cm3 are enough to form droplets of aqueous sulphuric acid solutions.
C. S. Kiang and D. Stauffer, Faraday Symp. Chem. Soc., 1973, 7, 26 DOI: 10.1039/FS9730700026
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