Ab initio calculations predict that the [2 + 2] reaction between isocyanates and alkenes to form β-lactams is a cycloaddition which takes place through a concerted suprafacial mechanism.
F. P. Cossío, B. Lecea, X. Lopez, G. Roa, A. Arrieta and J. M. Ugalde, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1993, 1450 DOI: 10.1039/C39930001450
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