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  • Review Article
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Clinical translation of wireless soft robotic medical devices

Nature Reviews Bioengineering (2024)Cite this article

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Abstract

Small-scale wireless soft robotics can be designed as implantable, interventional or wearable devices for various biomedical applications. Their flexibility, dexterity, adaptability and safe interactions with biological environments make them promising candidates for enabling precise and remote healthcare and disease diagnosis. However, the clinical translation of wireless soft robotic medical devices remains challenging. In this Review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the robotic technologies, the navigation methods, the dexterous functions and the translational challenges of wireless soft robotic medical devices. We first discuss safety and biocompatibility from a biological and technical perspective and then examine navigation methods for overcoming biological barriers for delivery, mobility and retrieval, highlighting dexterous medical functions at small scales. Finally, we identify key product development challenges, as well as the regulatory and ethical considerations that should be addressed to enable the clinical translation of wireless soft robotic medical devices.

Key points

  • Small-scale wireless soft robotic devices are promising for various clinical applications, but important challenges remain to be addressed to enable their clinical translation.

  • Proof-of-concept devices have been designed with various navigation and control strategies for overcoming biological barriers and for allowing device deployment, mobility and retrieval from the body.

  • Biocompatibility, navigation methods, basic and dexterous functions, and fabrication challenges should be solved interdependently with a holistic perspective.

  • Ethical concerns, regulatory requirements, scalable production techniques and financial sustainability should be addressed to enable the clinical translation of small-scale wireless soft robotic devices.

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Fig. 1: Development and design of wireless soft robotic medical devices.
Fig. 2: Patient-centric considerations for the clinical translation of wireless soft robotic medical devices.
Fig. 3: Actuation mechanisms, functions and operation environments of wireless soft robotic medical devices.
Fig. 4: Clinical translation process for small-scale soft robotic devices for medical applications.

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Acknowledgements

This work is funded by the Max Planck Society and the European Research Council (ERC) Advanced Grant (SoMMoR project, grant number 834531). Y.W. thanks the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation for financial support. E.Y. has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement number 101059593.

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Author notes

  1. These authors contributed equally: Tianlu Wang, Yingdan Wu, Erdost Yildiz.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany

    Tianlu Wang, Yingdan Wu, Erdost Yildiz, Selin Kanyas & Metin Sitti

  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawai’i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA

    Tianlu Wang

  3. State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China

    Yingdan Wu

  4. School of Medicine and College of Engineering, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey

    Metin Sitti

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T.W., Y.W. and E.Y. contributed equally to this work. M.S. initiated the Review, and all the authors developed its outline. All authors contributed to the writing and editing of the Review.

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Wang, T., Wu, Y., Yildiz, E. et al. Clinical translation of wireless soft robotic medical devices. Nat Rev Bioeng (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s44222-024-00156-7

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