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Seasonal variation in blood pressure: current evidence and recommendations for hypertension management

Hypertension Research volume 44, pages 1363–1372 (2021)Cite this article

Abstract

Blood pressure (BP) exhibits seasonal variation, with an elevation of daytime BP in winter and an elevation of nighttime BP in summer. The wintertime elevation of daytime BP is largely attributable to cold temperatures. The summertime elevation of nighttime BP is not due mainly to temperature; rather, it is considered to be related to physical discomfort and poor sleep quality due to the summer weather. The winter elevation of daytime BP is likely to be associated with the increased incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) events in winter compared to other seasons. The suppression of excess seasonal BP changes, especially the wintertime elevation of daytime BP and the summertime elevation of nighttime BP, would contribute to the prevention of CVD events. Herein, we review the literature on seasonal variations in BP, and we recommend the following measures for suppressing excess seasonal BP changes as part of a regimen to manage hypertension: (1) out-of-office BP monitoring, especially home BP measurements, throughout the year to evaluate seasonal variations in BP; (2) the early titration and tapering of antihypertensive medications before winter and summer; (3) the optimization of environmental factors such as room temperature and housing conditions; and (4) the use of information and communication technology–based medicine to evaluate seasonal variations in BP and provide early therapeutic intervention. Seasonal BP variations are an important treatment target for the prevention of CVD through the management of hypertension, and further research is necessary to clarify these variations.

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  1. Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan

    Keisuke Narita, Satoshi Hoshide & Kazuomi Kario

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  1. Keisuke Narita
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KK takes primary responsibility for this paper. KN wrote the manuscript. All authors reviewed/edited the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Kazuomi Kario.

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KK has received research funding from Teijin Pharma Limited, Omron Healthcare Co., Fukuda Denshi, Bayer Yakuhin Ltd., A&D Co., Daiichi Sankyo Co., Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., EA Pharma, Boehringer Ingelheim Japan Inc., Tanabe Mitsubishi Pharma Corp., Shionogi & Co., MSD K.K., Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co., and Bristol-Myers Squibb K.K., as well as honoraria from Takeda Pharmaceutical Co. and Omron Healthcare Co.

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Narita, K., Hoshide, S. & Kario, K. Seasonal variation in blood pressure: current evidence and recommendations for hypertension management. Hypertens Res 44, 1363–1372 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41440-021-00732-z

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