Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA), used as first-line therapy for acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), exerts its antileukemic activity by inducing blast differentiation and activating tumor-selective TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) signaling. To identify downstream mediators of RA signaling, we used retrovirus-mediated insertion mutagenesis in PLB985 leukemia cells and established the RA-resistant cell line WY-1. In PLB985, but not WY-1 cells, RA induced TRAIL and its DR4 and DR5 receptors. Knocking down TRAIL expression by RNA interference blocked RA-induced apoptosis. WY-1 cells are defective for RA-induced differentiation, G1 arrest and exhibit co-resistance to TRAIL. In WY-1 cells, a single virus copy is integrated into a novel RA-regulated gene termed RAM (retinoic acid modulator). RAM is expressed in the myelomonocytic lineage and extinguished by RA in PLB985, but not WY-1 cells. Whereas knocking down RAM expression by RNA interference promoted RA-induced differentiation and TRAIL-triggered apoptosis of PLB985 and WY-1 cells, overexpression of the predicted 109 amino-acid RAM open reading frame did not alter RA signaling in PLB985 cells. This indicates that, apart from encoding the putative RAM protein, RAM RNA may exert additional functions that are impaired by the retrovirus insertion. Our study demonstrates that RA induction of the TRAIL pathway is also operative in leukemia cells lacking an RARα oncofusion protein and identifies RAM as a novel RA-dependent modulator of myeloid differentiation and death.
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Acknowledgements
We thank Lucia Altucci for inspiring this work and critical discussions, Ana Jimenez-Lara for TRAIL siRNA, Fengjun Li and Michèle Lieb for technical assistance, Jean-Marie Garnier for the pSG5-RAM/B10 and pLenti6-RAM/V5 construction, Michel Koenig (IGBMC) for PLB985 and WY-1 genotyping, M Lazar (University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia) for pLXSN, PG Pelicci (IEO, Milano) for the PA317 packaging cell-line, Yvon Cayre (Paris) for PLB985 cells, and Chris Zusi and Marco Gottardis (Bristol–Myers Squibb) for synthetic retinoids. This work was supported by funds from the Association for International Cancer Research (AICR grants 00-108 and 05-130), the European Community (HPRN-CT2002-00268, QLK3-CT2002-O2029, LSHC-CT2005-518417), the Hôpital Universitaire de Strasbourg (HUS), the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) and the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS).
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Yin, W., Rossin, A., Clifford, J. et al. Co-resistance to retinoic acid and TRAIL by insertion mutagenesis into RAM. Oncogene 25, 3735–3744 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1209410
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1209410
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