NF-κB-mediated inflammatory biology can be formulated as the following five states: latency, induction, response, resolution and pathology. The first four involve carefully tuned molecular processes; pathology is the loss of control.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution
Relevant articles
Open Access articles citing this article.
-
Apabetalone (RVX-208) reduces vascular inflammation in vitro and in CVD patients by a BET-dependent epigenetic mechanism
Clinical Epigenetics Open Access 12 July 2019
-
Loss of NF-κB p50 function synergistically augments microglial priming in the middle-aged brain
Journal of Neuroinflammation Open Access 12 March 2019
-
An NF-κB-microRNA regulatory network tunes macrophage inflammatory responses
Nature Communications Open Access 11 October 2017
Access options
Subscribe to this journal
Receive 12 print issues and online access
$209.00 per year
only $17.42 per issue
Buy this article
- Purchase on Springer Link
- Instant access to full article PDF
Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout
References
Sen, R. & Baltimore, D. Multiple nuclear factors interact with the immunoglobulin enhancer sequences. J. Immunol. 177, 7485–7496 (2006).
Medzhitov, R. Origin and physiological roles of inflammation. Nature 454, 428–435 (2008).
Smale, S.T. Hierarchies of NF-κB target-gene regulation. Nat. Immunol. 12, 689–694 (2011).
Oeckinghaus, A., Hayden, M.S. & Ghosh, S. Crosstalk in NF-κB signaling pathways. Nat. Immunol. 12, 695–708 (2011).
Leung, T.H., Hoffmann, A. & Baltimore, D. One nucleotide in a kB site can determine cofactor specificity for NF-κB dimers. Cell 118, 453–464 (2004).
Sen, R. The origins of NF-κB. Nat. Immunol. 12, 686–688 (2011).
Hoffmann, A., Levchenko, A., Scott, M.L. & Baltimore, D. The IκB-NF-κB signaling module: temporal control and selective gene activation. Science 298, 1241–1245 (2002).
Nelson, D.E. et al. Oscillations in NF-κB signaling control the dynamics of gene expression. Science 306, 704–708 (2004).
Hao, S. & Baltimore, D. The stability of mRNA influences the temporal order of the induction of genes encoding inflammatory molecules. Nat. Immunol. 10, 281–288 (2009).
Ruland, J. Return to homeostasis: downregulation of NF-κB responses. Nat. Immunol. 12, 709–714 (2011).
Lee, E.G. et al. Failure to regulate TNF-induced NF-κB and cell death responses in A20-deficient mice. Science 289, 2350–2354 (2000).
Taganov, K.D., Boldin, M.P., Chang, K.J. & Baltimore, D. NF-κB-dependent induction of microRNA miR-146, an inhibitor targeted to signaling proteins of innate immune responses. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103, 12481–12486 (2006).
Boldin, M.P. et al. miR-146a is a significant brake on autoimmunity, myeloproliferation, and cancer in mice. J. Exp. Med. 208, 1189–1201 (2011).
Zhao, J.L. et al. NF-κB dysregulation in microRNA-146a-deficient mice drives the development of myeloid malignancies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 108, 9814–9819 (2011).
Ben-Neriah, Y. & Karin, M. Inflammation meets cancer, with NF-κB as the matchmaker. Nat. Immunol. 12, 715–723 (2011).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The author declares no competing financial interests.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Baltimore, D. NF-κB is 25. Nat Immunol 12, 683–685 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1038/ni.2072
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ni.2072
This article is cited by
-
Loss of NF-κB p50 function synergistically augments microglial priming in the middle-aged brain
Journal of Neuroinflammation (2019)
-
Apabetalone (RVX-208) reduces vascular inflammation in vitro and in CVD patients by a BET-dependent epigenetic mechanism
Clinical Epigenetics (2019)
-
Novel Heterogeneous Mutation of TNFAIP3 in a Chinese Patient with Behçet-Like Phenotype and Persistent EBV Viremia
Journal of Clinical Immunology (2019)
-
An NF-κB-microRNA regulatory network tunes macrophage inflammatory responses
Nature Communications (2017)
-
Tumor-derived fibulin-3 activates pro-invasive NF-κB signaling in glioblastoma cells and their microenvironment
Oncogene (2017)