Introduction

Nilotinib is a second-generation BCR-ABL1 tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) widely used for the treatment of patients with newly diagnosed Philadelphia chromosome–positive (Ph+) chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase (CML-CP) or imatinib-resistant or imatinib-intolerant Ph+ CML in CP or accelerated phase (AP) [1,2,3]. The approved nilotinib dose for adult patients with newly diagnosed Ph+ CML-CP is 300 mg twice-daily, and for those with resistant or intolerant Ph+ CML-CP and CML-AP, the dose is 400 mg twice-daily [2, 3].

Throughout the first 5 years of follow-up in the pivotal phase 3 ENESTnd (Evaluating Nilotinib Efficacy and Safety in Clinical Trials–Newly Diagnosed Patients) study, treatment with nilotinib resulted in higher rates of major molecular response (MMR; BCR-ABL1 ≤ 0.1% on the International Scale [BCR-ABL1IS]) and deep molecular response (DMR; including MR4 [BCR-ABL1IS ≤ 0.01%] and MR4.5 [BCR-ABL1IS ≤ 0.0032%]) over imatinib as frontline therapy for newly diagnosed CML-CP [4, 5]. In the primary endpoint analysis, rates of MMR at 12 months were 44% with nilotinib 300-mg twice-daily, 43% with nilotinib 400-mg twice-daily, and 22% with imatinib (400-mg once-daily, P < 0.001 for both comparisons) [4]. With 5 years of follow-up, 54% of patients on nilotinib 300-mg twice-daily and 52% of patients on nilotinib 400-mg twice-daily achieved MR4.5 compared with 31% of patients on imatinib (P < 0.0001 for both comparisons) [5]. Lower rates of progression to AP/blast phase (BP) with nilotinib versus imatinib were observed throughout the first 5 years of follow-up [5].

The 5-year ENESTnd analysis showed a higher frequency of cardiovascular events (CVEs) with nilotinib than with imatinib, particularly in the nilotinib 400-mg twice-daily arm. Baseline Framingham general cardiovascular risk scores were predictive of patients’ risk of developing a CVE during nilotinib therapy, suggesting that patients at risk of developing CVEs during therapy with TKIs might be identifiable at baseline and that active monitoring and treatment of comorbidities and cardiovascular risk factors in all patients are needed [5]. Overall, the benefit-risk profile of nilotinib as frontline therapy for patients with CML-CP remained positive [4,5,6,7,8].

Patients with CML on TKI therapy have a life expectancy comparable to that of the general population [9, 10] and are likely to continue treatment for many years, possibly decades [11, 12]. Patients may develop comorbidities with age [5, 13,14,15] and may also develop distinct, long-term, TKI therapy–related adverse events (AEs) [5, 16]. Managing comorbidities and AEs is an important aspect of long-term treatment [5, 10, 11]. For patients achieving sustained DMR, treatment-free remission (TFR) may be an additional treatment goal [10, 12, 17].

To allow a comprehensive assessment of the long-term benefits and risks of nilotinib and imatinib in patients with CML-CP, the final results from ENESTnd after ≥10 years of follow-up are reported here.

Methods

Study design and patients

Study design and eligibility criteria for ENESTnd (NCT00471497) have been described previously [4,5,6,7,8]. Briefly, patients with newly diagnosed CML-CP were randomized to receive nilotinib 300-mg twice-daily (n = 282), nilotinib 400-mg twice-daily (n = 281), or imatinib 400-mg once-daily (n = 283) in the core phase. Some patients who discontinued their assigned core treatment due to suboptimal response, treatment failure, or progressive disease could enter the extension phase of the study (Supplementary Fig. 1; Supplementary Table 1) [6].

Study endpoints and assessments

Long-term endpoints included cumulative rates of MMR, MR4, and MR4.5, progression to AP/BP, overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and safety. Molecular responses were assessed by BCR-ABL1/ABL1 transcript ratios using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) at a central laboratory (MolecularMD, Portland, OR, USA) standardized to the IS. Data on progression to AP/BP and survival were prospectively collected as described previously [5]. Time to progression to AP/BP was defined as time from randomization until progression to AP/BP or death due to advanced CML, whichever occurred first. Death due to advanced CML was defined as any death (at any time) for which the principal cause was reported by the investigator as “study indication” (i.e., due to CML) or, if subsequent to documented progression to AP/BP, any death for which the cause was reported as “unknown” or was not reported. OS was defined as time from randomization until death due to any cause. PFS was defined as time from randomization until progression to AP/BP or death due to any cause. Rates of freedom from progression to AP/BP, PFS, and OS on study considered events that occurred during core or extension treatment and those that occurred during follow-up after discontinuation of core or extension treatment. Further details on the study protocol and assessment schedule have been published previously [4, 5].

Statistical analysis

The efficacy and safety data presented here are based on a final analysis of the study following the last patient’s last visit (21 August 2019), when all patients had completed ≥10 years of treatment (in the core or extension phase) or discontinued earlier. All analyses presented here included data from the core phase only, with the exception of survival and progression “on study” analyses, which also included data from the extension phase. Data from the extension phase are reported based on treatment initially assigned to patients during core phase. For analyses combining data from the 2 nilotinib arms, extension phase data for patients who switched from nilotinib 300-mg twice-daily to nilotinib 400-mg twice-daily were also included.

Efficacy analyses included the intent-to-treat population (all randomized patients; N = 846). Analysis of molecular response at 10 years according to molecular response at 5 years included only patients with typical BCR-ABL1 transcripts at baseline who remained on treatment at 5 years based on a 3-month time window (nilotinib 300-mg twice-daily arm, n = 183; nilotinib 400-mg twice-daily arm, n = 188; imatinib arm, n = 153) (Fig. 1). Response rates were compared using the Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel test stratified by Sokal risk group. Clopper–Pearson 95% 2-sided CIs for response rates are shown. Time-to-event variables were analyzed using the Kaplan–Meier (KM) method and were compared between groups using log-rank tests stratified by Sokal risk group. Hazard ratios and 95% 2-sided CIs were derived from a Cox model stratified by Sokal risk group; 95% CIs for KM estimates were derived using the standard error calculated with Greenwood’s formula. Nominal 2-sided P values, when provided, are for descriptive purposes only without multiplicity adjustments; therefore, no formal statistical claim can be made, and statistical interpretation should be made with caution. Safety analyses included all patients who received ≥1 dose of study drug (nilotinib 300-mg twice-daily arm, n = 279; nilotinib 400-mg twice-daily arm, n = 277; imatinib arm, n = 280). CVE rates for each treatment group were determined by using cumulative events over time as well as the KM method. Analyses were also performed by combining data from both nilotinib arms to compare responses and outcomes achieved with nilotinib (n = 563) versus imatinib (n = 283), regardless of dose. The extent of exposure was analyzed comparing exposures in the combined safety population of both nilotinib arms (n = 556) versus the imatinib arm (n = 280).

Fig. 1: Change in molecular response from 5 years to 10 years by molecular response at 5 years in patients with evaluable RQ-PCR at 5 years.
figure 1

A Nilotinib 300 mg twice daily. B Nilotinib 400 mg twice daily. C Imatinib 400 mg twice daily. *Of patients without MMR at 5 years, 33.3% (2/6) achieved MMR or better at 10 years. Of patients without MR4 at 5 years, 43.8% (21/48) achieved MR4 or better at 10 years. Of patients without MR4.5 at 5 years, 38.0% (35/92) achieved MR4.5 at 10 years. †All 3 patients were in MR4.5 at 5 years but died before 10 years (1 due to cardiac arrest, 1 due to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, and 1 due to pneumonia) while still in MR4.5. ‡Both patients were in MR4.5 at 5 years but were not in MMR before entering the extension phase. §Of patients without MMR at 5 years, 43.8% (7/16) achieved MMR or better at 10 years. Of patients without MR4 at 5 years, 37.9% (25/66) achieved MR4 or better at 10 years. Of patients without MR4.5 at 5 years, 28.6% (30/105) achieved MR4.5 at 10 years. ||One patient was in MR4.5 at 5 years and in MR4 before death due to myocardial infarction. The other patient was in MR4 at 5 years and before death due to an unknown reason. Of patients without MMR at 5 years, 50% (7/14) achieved MMR or better at 10 years. Of patients without MR4 at 5 years, 33.8% (22/65) achieved MR4 or better at 10 years. Of patients without MR4.5 at 5 years, 22.7% (22/97) achieved MR4.5 at 10 years. #Both patients were at MMR at 5 years but died before 10 years (1 due to cardiac arrest and 1 due to pneumonia), while still in MMR. **Two patients achieved MR4.5, 1 achieved MR4, 2 achieved MMR, and 1 had responses less than MMR in the extension phase.

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Eligibility for TFR, per criteria used in ENESTfreedom [18], was defined as achieving MR4.5 or better after ≥2 years of treatment and then maintaining sustained DMR for ≥1 year (defined as having no RT-qPCR assessment showing a response level worse than MR4, a maximum of 2 assessments with response level of MR4, and MR4.5 or better in the last assessment).

Results

Patients

By the date of the last patient’s last visit, 107 (37.9%), 99 (35.2%), and 99 (35.0%) patients in the nilotinib 300-mg twice-daily, nilotinib 400-mg twice-daily, and imatinib arms, respectively, completed the study and were treated for ≥10 years overall. The most common reasons for discontinuation from core treatment in all 3 arms included AEs, withdrawal of consent, and suboptimal response or treatment failure (Supplementary Table 1). The median duration of core treatment was 82.8, 87.5, and 64.0 months, respectively, in the nilotinib 300-mg twice-daily, nilotinib 400-mg twice-daily, and imatinib arms. Twenty-six (9.2%), 3 (1.1%), and 48 (17.0%) patients, respectively, discontinued core treatment and entered the extension phase of the study. Among the 77 patients who entered the extension phase, 12, 2, and 21, respectively, completed their planned treatment, and 14, 1, and 27 discontinued early.

One hundred seventy-one (61.3%), 182 (65.7%), and 146 (52.1%) patients, respectively, in the nilotinib 300-mg twice-daily, nilotinib 400-mg twice-daily, and imatinib arms remained on treatment for ≥5 years; and 101 (36.2%), 87 (31.4%), and 90 (32.1%) patients, respectively, received treatment for ≥10 years.

Long-term outcomes

Fewer progressions to AP/BP were observed with nilotinib than with imatinib (Table 1). A total of 6, 4, and 11 progressions to AP and 6, 6, and 14 progressions to BP were reported on study in the nilotinib 300-mg twice-daily, nilotinib 400-mg twice-daily, and imatinib arms, respectively. Among those who progressed to BP, 2, 3, and 4 patients, respectively, had progressed to AP first. Overall, a total of 11, 7, and 24 progressions to AP/BP, including CML-related deaths, were reported on study in the nilotinib 300-mg twice-daily, nilotinib 400-mg twice-daily, and imatinib arms, respectively, including 1, 1, and 5, respectively, after the first 5 years, all of which occurred during the follow-up period after core or extension treatment discontinuation due to reasons other than progression. After the 5-year analysis, no new progressions to AP/BP on core treatment were observed.

Table 1 Progression to AP/BP.
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The estimated 10-year rates of freedom from progression to AP/BP were higher in the nilotinib arms than the imatinib arm among patients <60 years old at baseline and were comparable across arms in patients ≥60 years old at baseline. In an analysis according to baseline Sokal risk score, the estimated 10-year rates of freedom from progression to AP/BP were comparable across arms in the low Sokal risk group and higher in the nilotinib arms in the intermediate and high Sokal risk groups (Table 1).

At 10 years, the rates of PFS and OS on study were similar across the 3 arms (Supplementary Fig. 2) and were also comparable in the analysis conducted by Sokal score, with the highest rates reported in patients with low Sokal risk (Tables 2 and 3).

Table 2 Estimated 10-year OS rates.
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In an analysis of 10-year outcomes according to age at baseline, the estimated 10-year OS rates in the nilotinib 300-mg twice-daily, nilotinib 400-mg twice-daily, and imatinib arms were 92.7%, 94.5%, and 89.7%, respectively, among patients <60 years old and 67.0%, 69.4%, and 83.4%, respectively, among patients ≥60 years old (Table 2). The estimated 10-year PFS rates on study were 91.8%, 94.1%, and 88.3%, respectively, among patients <60 years old and 63.7%, 69.4%, and 83.6%, respectively, among patients ≥60 years old (Table 3).

Table 3 Estimated 10-year PFS rates.
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A total of 32, 23, and 29 deaths on study from any cause were reported in the nilotinib 300-mg twice-daily, nilotinib 400-mg twice-daily, and imatinib arms, respectively (Supplementary Table 2). One patient randomized to the imatinib arm died due to CML before the first treatment dose. Of all deaths on study, 16, 14, and 11 in the nilotinib 300-mg twice-daily, nilotinib 400-mg twice-daily, and imatinib arms, respectively, occurred after 5 years. The most common causes of death overall were CML, general disorders, and infections. The total number of deaths due to CML was 6, 5, and 15 in the nilotinib 300-mg twice-daily, nilotinib 400-mg twice-daily, and imatinib arms, respectively. Six deaths occurred on study due to CVEs, 3 in the nilotinib 300-mg twice-daily arm and 3 in the nilotinib 400-mg twice-daily arm, of which 2 and 3, respectively, occurred after 5 years. Two of the deaths due to CVEs occurred during or within 28 days of discontinuing core study treatment; 1 was due to cerebrovascular accident in the nilotinib 300-mg twice-daily arm, and 1 was due to myocardial infarction in the nilotinib 400-mg twice-daily arm.

Molecular response

By 10 years, cumulative MMR, MR4, and MR4.5 rates were higher with nilotinib than with imatinib (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2: Cumulative molecular response rates.
figure 2

Cumulative proportion of patients with (A) major molecular response (MMR; BCR-ABL1IS ≤ 0.1%), (B) MR4 (BCR-ABL1IS ≤ 0.01%), and (C) MR4.5 (BCR-ABL1IS ≤ 0.0032%). Cumulative MMR, MR4, and MR4.5 results are an analysis of data from the core phase.

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Change in molecular response from 5 to 10 years by molecular response at 5 years among the patients still on treatment at 5 years is shown in Fig. 1. In the nilotinib 300-mg twice-daily arm, 6, 48, and 92 evaluable patients were not in MMR, MR4, and MR4.5, respectively, at 5 years while on treatment. Of those patients, 33.3% (2/6), 43.8% (21/48), and 38.0% (35/92) achieved MMR, MR4, and MR4.5, respectively, at 10 years while continuing the same treatment. In the nilotinib 400-mg twice-daily arm, 16, 66, and 105 evaluable patients were not in MMR, MR4, and MR4.5, respectively, at 5 years while on treatment. Of those patients, 43.8% (7/16), 37.9% (25/66), and 28.6% (30/105) achieved MMR, MR4, and MR4.5, respectively, at 10 years while continuing the same treatment. In the imatinib arm, 14, 65, and 97 evaluable patients were not in MMR, MR4, and MR4.5, respectively, at 5 years while on treatment. Of those patients, 50% (7/14), 33.8% (22/65), and 22.7% (22/97) achieved MMR, MR4, and MR4.5, respectively, at 10 years while continuing the same treatment.

Combined analysis

After combining data from the 2 nilotinib arms, 368 (66.2%) and 146 (52.1%) patients, respectively, in either nilotinib arm and in the imatinib arm remained on treatment for ≥5 years, and 199 (35.8%) and 90 (32.1%) patients, respectively, remained on the same treatment for ≥10 years, regardless of dose. Rates of MMR and MR4.5 were higher with nilotinib at 5 years (MMR, 63.6%; MR4.5, 31.1%) and 10 years (MMR, 40.7%; MR4.5, 27.0%) than with imatinib at 5 years (MMR, 49.1%; MR4.5, 19.8%) and 10 years (MMR, 36.4%; MR4.5, 21.2%). The median time to first MMR was shorter with nilotinib (8.41 months; range, 1.9–115.9) than with imatinib (14.16 months; range, 2.8–95.6). Similarly, the median time to first MR4.5 was shorter with nilotinib (37.65 months; range, 2.8–122.1) than with imatinib (41.63 months; range, 7.5–122.6).

TFR eligibility

By 10 years, more patients in each nilotinib arm than in the imatinib arm achieved sustained DMR (Supplementary Table 3). Rates of sustained DMR were analyzed in patient subsets based on Sokal risk at baseline, 3-month molecular response levels, and time to first MR4.5. In each Sokal risk group, rates of sustained DMR were higher with nilotinib than with imatinib.

In all 3 study arms, a higher proportion of patients with BCR-ABL1IS ≤ 10% at 3 months achieved sustained DMR compared with those who had BCR-ABL1IS > 10% at 3 months; moreover, more patients in the nilotinib arms versus the imatinib arm achieved BCR-ABL1IS ≤ 10% at 3 months, and the rate of sustained DMR among patients who achieved BCR-ABL1IS ≤ 10% at 3 months was higher in the nilotinib arms versus the imatinib arm. In all arms, rates of sustained DMR were high among patients who achieved MR4.5 at any time; however, more patients in the nilotinib arms than the imatinib arm achieved MR4.5, and they did so earlier.

The estimated cumulative rates of TFR eligibility (estimated using ENESTfreedom criteria [18]) with nilotinib 300-mg twice-daily, nilotinib 400-mg twice-daily, and imatinib, respectively, at 5 years were 20.9% (95% CI, 16.2–25.7%), 20.6% (15.9–25.4%), and 11.0% (7.3–14.6%) and 10 years were 48.6% (42.7–54.4%), 47.3% (41.5–53.2%), and 29.7% (24.4–35.0%) (Fig. 3).

Fig. 3: Cumulative rate of TFR eligibility.
figure 3

Patients were considered eligible for TFR if they achieved MR4.5 or better in any RQ-PCR assessment after ≥2 years and then maintained sustained DMR for ≥1 year, during which time no RQ-PCR assessment showed a response level worse than MR4, a maximum of 2 assessments occurred between MR4 and MR4.5, and the last assessment showed MR4.5 or better.

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Safety

The most common nonhematologic AEs of any cause in both nilotinib arms were rash and headache, while diarrhea and nausea were most common in the imatinib arm. In all 3 arms, most nonhematologic AEs were grade 1/2. Newly occurring or worsening grade 3/4 hematologic abnormalities were more common (specifically, decreased absolute lymphocytes and neutrophils) with imatinib than with nilotinib. Among the most common newly occurring or worsening grade 3/4 biochemical abnormalities, elevations in glucose occurred in 24 (8.6%), 21 (7.6%), and 1 (0.4%) patients in the nilotinib 300-mg twice-daily, nilotinib 400-mg twice-daily, and imatinib arms, respectively; newly occurring or worsening grade 3/4 lipase elevations occurred in 29 (10.4%), 30 (10.8%), and 12 (4.3%) patients, respectively (Supplementary Table 4).

Adverse events of interest such as severe fluid retention (including pleural effusion, pericardial effusion, and pulmonary edema) and pancreatitis were infrequent (<4% of patients in all arms). Any-grade hepatotoxicity occurred more frequently in the nilotinib arms (300-mg twice-daily, 48.4%; 400-mg twice-daily, 53.1%) than in the imatinib arm (17.5%), and any-grade electrocardiogram QT prolongation was also more common with nilotinib (300-mg twice-daily, 6.8%; 400-mg twice-daily, 7.9%) than with imatinib (3.9%); rates of any-grade and grade 3/4 AE groups of interest are shown in Supplementary Table 5.

CVEs were reported in 46 (16.5%), 65 (23.5%), and 10 (3.6%) patients, respectively, in the nilotinib 300-mg twice-daily, nilotinib 400-mg twice-daily, and imatinib arms (Table 4). KM-estimated CVE rates were 10.6%, 17.9%, and 3.2%, respectively, at 5 years and continued to increase to 24.8%, 33.4%, and 6.3%, respectively, at 10 years; however, the incidence of newly occurring CVEs displayed in a yearly time window seemed similar across years in all arms among patients on long-term treatment (Supplementary Fig. 3).

Table 4 Cardiovascular events (CVEs).
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To determine the impact of preexisting cardiovascular risk on the development of CVEs during nilotinib or imatinib treatment, baseline Framingham general cardiovascular risk scores [19] were calculated for patients with no history of CVEs prior to study entry (nilotinib 300-mg twice-daily, n = 259; nilotinib 400-mg twice-daily, n = 266; imatinib, n = 264). The majority of patients were in the low-risk category. Similar to trends observed before 5 years [5], in patients on treatment for >5 years, baseline Framingham general cardiovascular risk scores were predictive of patients’ risk of developing a CVE during treatment. In patients on treatment for >5 years, CVEs occurred more frequently among patients in the high-risk (nilotinib 300-mg twice-daily, 33.3%; nilotinib 400-mg twice-daily, 33.3%; imatinib, 4.8%) and intermediate-risk (28.0%, 48.5%, 17.4%, respectively) categories in each arm than in the low-risk category (8.7%, 15.2%, 1.1%, respectively). In the low-risk category, CVE rates after 5 years were higher than the rates before 5 years (2.2%, 4.0%, 0.5%, respectively) (Table 5).

Table 5 Cardiovascular events (CVEs) before 5 years and after 5 years by Framingham risk category at baseline.
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Discussion

With 10 years of follow-up in ENESTnd, the balance of benefits and risks of nilotinib versus imatinib in patients with newly diagnosed CML-CP can be thoroughly evaluated. Nilotinib demonstrated benefits over imatinib in several clinical patient outcomes, including higher cumulative molecular response rates, lower rates of progression to AP/BP and CML-related deaths, and increased eligibility for TFR.

The cumulative rates of MMR, MR4, and MR4.5 were higher by 5 years and by 10 years with nilotinib than with imatinib. In the combined analysis of the 2 nilotinib arms, response rates were higher at 5 years and 10 years with nilotinib versus imatinib, and patients in the nilotinib arms reached MMR and MR4.5 in a shorter time than those in the imatinib arm.

More patients in each nilotinib arm than in the imatinib arm achieved sustained DMR, both overall and independently of their Sokal risk group. The rates of TFR eligibility (estimated using ENESTfreedom criteria [18]) by 5 years with nilotinib were nearly double the rate achieved with imatinib, and although the rates increased in all 3 arms by 10 years, the imatinib arm remained below the nilotinib arms. The higher rate of sustained DMR by 10 years in patients with BCR-ABL1IS ≤ 10% at 3 months versus those with BCR-ABL1IS > 10% at 3 months, especially with nilotinib therapy, suggests that early molecular responses with nilotinib are associated with additional long-term benefits, including the possibility of attempting TFR.

Although mature PFS and OS rates were similar in all arms, including in patients who stayed on initial treatment, or were in follow-up or switched to second-line treatment during extension, subgroup analyses allowed identification of subsets of patients who had favorable outcomes. Rates of freedom from progression to AP/BP, OS, and PFS at 10 years among subsets of younger patients were numerically higher in both nilotinib arms versus the imatinib arm. In all 3 arms, the 10-year OS and PFS rates were substantially lower in the older patient subsets (showing poorer survival) than overall rates or rates in the younger patients (particularly in both nilotinib arms compared with imatinib), although these results should be interpreted with caution because the sample size was small for the older subset.

The overall frequency of nonhematologic AEs was similar with nilotinib and imatinib. Long-term follow-up confirms trends similar to those previously reported [5] in overall frequencies of AEs of interest for both nilotinib and imatinib.

Analyses of CVEs based on long-term follow-up showed a higher rate of CVEs with nilotinib versus imatinib. This result was consistent with earlier results from this study as well as other studies that have shown a risk of CVEs with second- and third-generation TKIs compared with imatinib [5, 20,21,22]. KM-estimated CVE rates were higher with nilotinib than with imatinib. Baseline Framingham general cardiovascular risk scores were predictive of a patient’s risk of developing CVEs with nilotinib therapy. In an analysis of newly occurring CVEs displayed by a yearly time window, new CVEs continued to occur in patients receiving nilotinib at similar rates each year (Supplementary Fig. 3). CVEs occurred more frequently among patients in the Framingham high-risk and intermediate-risk categories than in the low-risk category, and new events continued to occur throughout a long treatment period. In Framingham low-risk patients, the rates of CVEs after the first 5 years of treatment were higher on nilotinib than on imatinib, whereas patients in the low-risk category in all arms experienced few CVEs during the first 5 years [5]. Additionally, CVEs occurred more frequently in the nilotinib 400-mg twice-daily arm than in the other arms.

Despite specific efforts to address the key reversible risk factors, the risk of CVEs with nilotinib therapy beyond 5 years remains higher than with imatinib, including for patients in the Framingham low-risk category, who seem less tolerant to long-term treatment beyond 5 years. Hence, the benefit-risk balance for long-term treatment should be cautiously assessed, particularly in patients for whom TFR is not a feasible option. These patients must be informed on potential risks and closely monitored for any cardiovascular comorbidities during treatment with nilotinib.

Overall, efficacy and safety results from ENESTnd support the use of nilotinib 300-mg twice-daily as frontline therapy for patients with CML-CP for optimal long-term outcomes, including CML-related deaths, which continued to be numerically lower with nilotinib versus imatinib after 10 years of treatment. Further, no CML-related deaths were reported in the nilotinib 300-mg twice-daily arm beyond 5 years.

The positive benefit-risk balance is especially notable in the context of TFR as a treatment goal. The estimated rates of TFR eligibility were higher with nilotinib (at 5 and 10 years) than with imatinib, suggesting that frontline nilotinib therapy may be a superior choice for patients looking to achieve deeper molecular responses needed for attempting TFR or for patients who are aiming to achieve optimal long term outcomes in CML.