An 1888 Volcanic Collapse Becomes a Benchmark for Tsunami Models

When volcanic mountains slide into the sea, they trigger tsunamis. How big are these waves, and how far away can they do damage? Ritter Island provides some answers.

collapsed into the Bismarck Sea northeast of New Guinea.This volume of land was about twice that of the Mount St. Helens landslide in 1980, and it is the largest historically recorded tsunami-causing volcanic sector collapse.
The ensuing landslide triggered a tsunami tens of meters high.The waves were still 8 meters high when they reached parts of the island of New Guinea that are several hundreds of kilometers away, according to observers who witnessed the event [Ward and Day, 2003].
Volcanic islands are the source of some of the world's largest landslides.These landslides have the potential to generate large tsunamis (https://eos.org/articles/mvsterious-boulders-suggest-ancient-8oo-foot-tall-tsunamij.Scientists have debated the magnitude of these tsunamis, but much uncertainty remains over landslide dynamics and how far a tsunami can travel across an ocean basin while remaining large enough to cause damage.
We are using data from our 2016 expedition, alongside direct observations and samples, to generate a detailed interpretation of the Ritter Island landslide.
Studies of Ritter Island's landslide and ensuing tsunami could significantly reduce that uncertainty.Düring a 6-week-long expedition in November and December 2016 aboard the German R/V Sonne, we mapped the Ritter Island collapse scar and deposit using hullmounted multibeam sonar Systems, which produced high-resolution bathymetry (Figure 1) and aCOUStic backscatter (https://eos.org/proiect-updates/geological-insights-from-malaysia-airlines-flight-mh37Q-searchjdata.
We are using data from this expedition, alongside a ränge of direct observations and samples, to generate a detailed interpretation of the Ritter Island landslide.With these robust field data, we set the stage for testing coupled landslide-tsunami models.

An Ideal Study S ite
Ritter Island's historic landslide, along with a heightened awareness of tsunami hazards (https://eos.org/features/the-Iegacv-of-the-lQQ2-nicaragua-tsunami')following Several recent devastating events fhttps://eos.org/research-spotlights/tsunami-forecast-svstem-couId-provide-earlv-warnings-in-iapani.has caused some to wonder if other volcanic islands could experience flank or total collapse and, if so, how far tsunamis could reach.One hypothetical scenario that captured the attention of the populär media in 2004 involves a potential collapse of the Cumbre Vieja volcano on the Southern half of the island of La Palma, one of the Canary Islands off the northwest coast of Africa.
The landslide generated a tsunami that devastated shorelines as far as 600 kilometers away.Such a collapse could trigger a tsunami that races across the Atlantic Ocean.However, recent tsunami models span an order of magnitude in their predictions of far-field wave heights for the La Palma collapse scenario.
Resolving such discrepancies in our understanding of landslide and tsunami processes requires a field data set in which both phenomena can be observed to test current models.The sector collapse of Ritter Island, Papua New Guinea, in 1888 meets both these criteria.
The landslide generated a tsunami that devastated shorelines as far as 600 kilometers away [Day et al, 2015].An important factor is that there are eyewitness observations of the tsunami height, arrival time, and frequency at a ränge of locations around the Bismarck Sea [Day et al, 2015].The event can thus be used as a benchmark for testing models of landslidegenerated tsunamis if the volume, distribution, and dynamics of the landslide mass can be reconstructed.

G eological S ettin g
Rcmnant btock R T .öfThis island is all that remains of a larger, steep-sided conical island that was around 750 meters high before it collapsed in 1888 [Day et al., 2015].During the I9th Century, Ritter Island was known among navigators in the region as a highly active volcano, characterized by frequent Strombolian activity fhttps://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/volc/eruptions.html) [Johnson, 2013].
There is evidence for several submarine eruptions since 1888 that have constructed a cone with a current summit around 200 m beneath sea level.The remnant of the island above the waterline is dominated by interbedded sequences of basaltic scoria (http://geology.com/rocks/ scoria.shtmljand thin lava flows that are consistent with low-level Strombolian activity.
This arc is all that remains of the Ritter Island volcanic cone.Underwater deposits show clear evidence of the landslide triggered by the collapsing cone, and eyewitness accounts described the resulting tsunami.

Credit: Christian Berndt
Contemporary observations of the tsunami triggered by the 1888 event suggest a single wave train, which is consistent with one main phase of landslide movement and tsunami generation [Day et eil, 2015].The landslide deposit is young enough to be preserved at the seafloor without significant overlying sedimentary cover, so it can be examined today to understand the emplacement dynamics of a large volcanic island landslide.
Volcanic island landslides with volumes of 1 to 10 cubic kilometers, such as the Ritter Island landslide, have a global recurrence interval of 100 to 200 years [Day et al, 2015].Therefore, a similar event is likely to occur in the next 100 years, in contrast to the extremely large ocean island collapses (e.g., Canary Islands and Lesser Antilles) that have recurrence intervals of tens of thousands of years or more.

C ollecting th e Field D ata S e t
Düring our 2016 expedition, we used a Parasound subbottom profiler with 10-centimeter resolution, as well as 2-D multichannel seismic data and P-Cable 3-D reflection seismic data (https://eos.org/proiect-updates/a-closer-look-at-an-undersea-source-of-alaskan-eartliquakes)aCCjtllSltlOn Systems to image the collapse deposit with 5-m vertical and horizontal resolution (Figure 1).
Additional observations and samples collected across the deposit and island flanks, using towed video cameras and Sediment samplers, provide ground truthing of the geophysical data and allowus to construct a detailed Interpretation of landslide emplacement processes.A Fram ew ork for F uture M odels Our observations indicate that minor changes in slope gradient can strongly affect landslide dynamics.
Our observations indicate that minor changes in slope gradient can strongly affect landslide dynamics.The deposition of the Ritter landslide entailed a progressive, multiphase, brittle to plastic failure that mobilized material over a considerable distance.The distal deposit, near the leading edge of the landslide, incorporates a major proportion of underlying seafloor Sediment.
Seismic profiles through the distal deposit indicate that the 1888 landslide was only the latest of a series of large-volume volcanic landslides from the surrounding islands.Some bloclcs piercing the seafloor are, in fact, rooted within older and much larger landslide deposits.
How large a tsunami a volcanic collapse landslide of a given size will generate and how far the tsunami will travel before it dissipates remain open questions.The information we gathered on this expedition will provide the frameworlc for coupled landslide-tsunami models, which are required to assess the destructive potential of sector collapse-related tsunamis.

Fig
Fig. 1.(a) Three-dimensional view of the Bismarck Sea between Umboi and Sakar islands compiled using data from the SO-252 multibeam echo sounder, bathymetric data from the General Bathymetric Chart of The 2016 SO-252 expedition aboard the R/V Sonne (shown here) collected field data around Ritter Island to characterize the form and composition of landslide deposits left by the 1888 collapse of the volcanic cone that formed the island.Credit: Christian Berndt The acquired data show the three-dimensional structure of the Ritter Island landslide deposit and enabled us to reconstruct the kinematics of the emplacement process.The new data set will be used to do the following: quantify the overall volume of the material that has been mobilized decipher the nature and extent of landslide disintegration determine the location, distribution, and size of transported blocks identify the nature and origin of different regions of the landslide deposit understand the relationship between landslides and the eruption history of Ritter Island and surrounding volcanoesThese are lcey parameters for determining the landslide failure and emplacement process and the dynamics of the 1888 tsunami.An initial assessment of the data indicates that the flanlcs of Ritter Island below sea level expose clastic sequences (https://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/parks/rxmin/rock2.html)similar to those in the scar above the water, with an increase in more massive lava units in the lowermost part of the edifice.The landslide cuts deeply into the island structure, and the scar exposures suggest an edifice that is dominated by loosely compacted layers of volcanic rock fragments.The landslide mass split and flowed around a remnant block of the island and dispersed within the channel between Umboi and Sakar (Figure1), where it formed a deposit that is relatively flat at the margins and has irregulär channelization in the central part.Parts of the landslide deposit traveled through a constriction between Umboi and Sakar and incorporated underlying seafloor Sediment.
This work reflects the joint effort of the SO252 expedition's shipboard scientific party.We thanlc Simon Day, Eli Silver, and Russell Perembo for sharing data and helping with the survey planning.We thanlc the master and crew of R/V Sonne and our technicians for support during the cruise.Data collection was funded through the BMBF project Ritter Island 03G0252A.A.M. aclcnowledges funding from the European Research Council under the European Union's Horizon 2020 Programme (MARCAN, grant agreement 677898).