Abstract
In this article we will show how a relational approach provides a conceptual framework that shapes and informs culturally sensitive practice with a severely disturbed client. We argue that a relational approach facilitates therapeutic action through the intense focus on countertransference, the close attention to enactments, and the therapist's authenticity and self-disclosure. Additionally, we emphasize that a therapeutic matrix that includes the cultural, racial, socioeconomic, and institutional factors, increases the likelihood clinicians will attend to what Perez-Foster calls their “dissociated and disavowed personal values.” We present a case that had a less than satisfactory outcome where the therapist found herself in a “sea of trouble.” The case illustrates how a relational approach enhanced the therapist's understanding of the case and allowed her to continue to work with a difficult and challenging client. We conclude by suggesting that our conceptual understanding of this case exemplifies a necessary and appropriate focus for future social work research and practice.
Similar content being viewed by others
REFERENCES
Alarcon, R. D. & Leez, K. L. (1998). Cultural intersections in the psychotherapy of borderline personality disorder. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 52(2), 176–190.
Altman, N. (1993). Psychoanalysis and the urban poor. Psychoanalytic Dialogues, 3: 29–49.
Altman. N. (1995). The analyst in the inner city: Race, class and culture through a psychoanalytic lens. Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press.
Altman, N. (1996). The accommodation of diversity in psychoanalysis. In R. Perez-Foster, M. Moskowitz, & R. A. Javier (Eds.), Reaching across boundaries of culture and class (pp. 3–19). New York: Jason Aronson.
Altman, N. (2000). Black and white thinking: A psychoanalyst reconsiders race. Psychoanalytic Dialogues, 10, 589–605.
Aron, L. (1996). A meeting of minds: Mutuality in psychoanalysis. Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press.
Breuer, J. & Freud, S. (1895). Studies on hysteria: Case histories, case l. Anna O. Standard Edition 2: 21–47, London: Hogarth Press.
Casement, P. (1991). Learning from the patient. New York: The Guilford Press.
Clarkin, J. F., Yeomans, F. E., & Kernberg, O. F. (1999). Psychotherapy for borderline personality. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Cushman, P. (1995). Constructing the self, constructing America: A cultural history of psychotherapy. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Davies, J. M. & Frawley, M. G. (1994). Treating the adult survivor of childhood sexual abuse: A psychoanalytic perspective. New York: Basic Books.
Elkind, S. (1992). Resolving impasses in therapeutic relationships. New York: Guilford Press.
Frederickson, J. (1990). Hate in the countertransference as an empathic position. Contemporary Psychoanalysis, 26(3), 479–497.
Freud, S. (1905). Fragment of an analysis of a case of hysteria. In J. Strachey (Ed. and Trans.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol 7, pp. 7–122, London: Hogarth Press.
Friedman, L. (1988). The anatomy of psychotherapy. Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press.
Gabbard, G. (2000) Psychodynamic psychiatry (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
Gay, P. (1986). Freud: A life for our time. New York: Norton.
Goldstein, E. (1994). Self-disclosure in treatment: What the therapists do and don't talk about. Clinical Social Work Journal, 22, 417–433.
Goldstein, E. (1995). Ego psychology and social work practice (2nd ed.). New York: Free Press.
Gorkin, M. (1996). Countertransference in cross-cultural psychotherapy. In. R. Perez-Foster, M. Moskowitz & R. A. Javier (Eds.), Reaching across boundaries of culture and class (pp. 159–175) New York: Jason Aronson.
Hoffman, I. (1998). Ritual and spontaneity in the psychoanalytic process. Hillsdale: NJ: Analytic Press.
Holmes, D. E. (1992). Race and transference in psychoanalysis and psychotherapy. International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 73(1), 1–11.
Hopkins, L. B. (1998). D. W. Winnicott's analysis of Masud Khan. Contemporary Psychoanalysis, 34(1), 5–47.
Horowitz, J. (1998). Contemporary psychoanalysis and social work theory. Clinical Social Work Journal, 26, 369–383.
Horwitz, L, Gabbard, G., Allen, J., Frieswyk, S. H., Colson, D. B., Newsom, G. & Coyne, L. (1996). Borderline personality disorder: Tailoring the psychotherapy to the patient. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
Javier, R. A. (1996). Psychodynamic treatment with the urban poor. In. R. Perez Foster, M. Moskowitz, & R. A. Javier (Eds.), Reaching across boundaries of culture and class (pp. 93–113). New York: Jason Aronson.
Kernberg, O. (1975). Borderline conditions and pathological narcissism. New York: Jason Aronson.
Koenigsberg, H. W., Kernberg, O. F., Stone, M. H., Appelbaum, A. H., Yeomans, F. E., & Diamond, D. (2000). Borderline patients: Extending the limits of treatability. New York: Basic Books.
Leary, K. (1997). Race, self-disclosure, and “forbidden talk”: Race and ethnicity in contemporary clinical practice. Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 66, 163–189.
Leary, K. (2000). Racial enactments in dynamic treatment. Psychoanalytic Dialogues, 10, 639–653.
Linehan, M. M. & Kehrer, C. A. (1993). Borderline personality disorder. In D. H. Barlow (Ed.), Clinical handbook of psychological disorders (2nd ed., pp. 396–441). New York: Guilford Press.
Mitchell, S. A. (1988). Relational concepts in psychoanalysis: An integration. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Mitchell, S. A. (1993). Hope and dread in psychoanalysis. New York: Basic Books.
Mitchell, S. A. (1997). Influence and autonomy in psychoanalysis. Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press.
Mitchell, S. A. & Aron, L. (Eds.). (1999). Relational psychoanalysis: The emergence of a tradition. Hillsdale, NJ: The Analytic Press.
Moskowitz, M. (1996). The end of analyzability. In. R. Perez-Foster, M. Moskowitz, & R. A. Javier (Eds.), Reaching across boundaries of culture and class (pp. 179–193). New York: Jason Aronson.
Ogden, T. (1994). Subjects of analysis. New York: Jason Aronson.
Ornstein, E. D., & Ganzer, C. (1997). Mitchell's relational conflict model: An analysis of its usefulness in clinical social work. Clinical Social Work Journal, 25, 391–405.
Ornstein, E. D., & Ganzer, C. (2000). Strengthening the strengths perspective: An integrative relational approach. Psychoanalytic Social Work, 7(3), 57–78.
Perez-Foster, R. (1996). What is a multicultural perspective for psychoanalysis. In R. Perez-Foster, M. Moskowitz, & R. A. Javier (Eds.), Reaching across boundaries of culture and class (pp. 3–19). New York: Jason Aronson.
Perez-Foster, R. (1998). The clinician's cultural countertransference: The psychodynamics of culturally competent practice. Clinical Social Work Journal, 26, 253–270.
Proctor, E. & David, L. (1994). The challenge of racial difference: Skills for clinical practice. Social Work, 39, 314–323.
Saari, C. (1991). The creation of meaning in clinical social work. New York: Guilford Press.
Summers, F. (1999). Transcending the self: An object relations model of psychoanalytic therapy. Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press.
Thompson, C. L. (1996). The African-American patient in psychodynamic treatment. In R. Perez Foster, M. Moskowitz, & R. A. Javier (Eds.), Reaching across boundaries of culture and class (pp. 115–141). New York: Jason Aronson.
Van Voorhis, R. M. (1998). Culturally relevant practice: A framework for teaching the psychosocial dynamics of oppression. Journal of Social Work Education, 34(1), 121–133.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ganzer, C., Ornstein, E.D. A Sea of Trouble: A Relational Approach to the Culturally Sensitive Treatment of a Severely Disturbed Client. Clinical Social Work Journal 30, 127–144 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015289327398
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015289327398