Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Acid rain — perspectives on lake recovery

  • Published:
Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Stress and Recovery

Abstract

During the 1970‘s and 1980‘s, the acidification of surface waters by atmospherically deposited sulphur became a major international concern. Large sulphur emission control programs were implemented in Europe and North America with the expectation that many affected aquatic ecosystems would recover. Because of a variety of factors, these positive expectations have been slow to be realized. Only limited evidence of the chemical recovery of acid lakes has emerged from areas other than the Sudbury, Canada region, where sulphur emission reductions were particularly large. Lake response models indicate that when current sulphur emission control strategies in Europe and North America are fully implemented, many lakes will still be acid-damaged even though substantial overall improvements in lake chemistry are expected. An increasing body of evidence indicates that substantial biological recovery, among many groups of organisms,can be expected when chemical conditions improve in lakes. Not all species, however, are capable of unassisted recovery and some lakes can pose biological or physical barriers to colonizers. Thus, stocking may be an important element in management strategies for the restoration of some recovering lakes. Communities in recovered lakes may not achieve pre disturbance conditions, but establishment of typical communities appears to be a reasonable recovery target.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Appelberg, M., 1998. Restructuring of fish assemblages in Swedish lakes following amelioration of acid stress through liming. Restor. Ecol. 6: 343–352.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bajkov, A.D., 1949. Do fish fall from the sky? Science 109: 402.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bayley, S.E., R.S. Behr & C.A. Kelley, 1986. Retention and release of S from a freshwater peatland. Water Air Soil Pollut. 31: 101–114.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bergquist, B.C., 1991. Extinction and natural recolonization of fish in acidified and limed lakes. Nordic J. Freshwat. Res. 66: 50–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cairns, J., 1989. Restoring damaged ecosystems: is predisturbance condition a viable option? Environ. Profess. 11: 152–159.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cairns J., 1990. Lack of a theoretical basis for predicting rate and pathways of recovery. Environ. Manage. 14: 517–526.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carbone, J., W. Keller & R. Griffiths, 1998. Effects of changes in acidity on aquatic insects in rocky littoral habitats of lakes near Sudbury, Ontario. Restor. Ecol. 6: 376–389.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carter, J.C.H., M.J. Dadswell, J.C. Roff & W.G. Sprules, 1980. Distribution and zoogeography of planktonic crustaceans and dipterans in glaciated eastern North America. Can. J. Zool. 58: 1355–1387.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, M.G., 1999. Improving sampling designs for measuring restoration in aquatic habitats. J. Aquat. Ecosyst. Stress and Recovery 6: 235–251.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clair, T.A., P.J. Dillon, J. Ion, D.S. Jeffries, M. Papineau & R.J. Vet, 1995. Regional precipitation and surface water trends in southeastern Canada (1983–1991). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 52: 197–212.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cowling, E.B., 1982. An historical perspective on acid precipitation. In: R.E. Johnson (ed.), Acid Rain/Fisheries. Proc. Int. Symp. Acidic Precip. Fish. Impacts E. N. Am. American Fisheries Soc. Bethesda, MD: 15–31.

  • Dadswell, M.J., 1974. Distribution and postglacial dispersal of certain crustaceans and fishes in Eastern North America. Nat. Museum of Can. Publicat. Zool. 11, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.

  • Degerman, E., L. Henrikson, J. Herrmann & P. Nyberg, 1995. The effects of liming on aquatic fauna. In: L. Henrikson & W.Y. Brodin (eds), Liming of Acidified Surface Waters. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg: 221–282.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dempster, J.P. & W.J. Manning (eds), 1992. Effects of acidic pollutants on freshwater plants and animals. Envir. Poll. 78: 1–189.

  • Detenbeck, N.E., P.W. DeVore, G.J. Niemi & A. Lima, 1992. Recovery of temperate stream fish communities from disturbance: a review of case studies and synthesis of theory. Environ. Manage. 16: 33–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dillon, P.J., R.A. Reid & R. Girard, 1986. Changes in the chemistry of lakes near Sudbury, Ontario, following reductions of SO2 emissions. Water Air Soil Pollut. 31: 59–66.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dillon, P.J, M. Lusis, R. Reid & D. Yap, 1988. Ten-year trends in sulphate, nitrate and hydrogen deposition in central Ontario. Atmosph. Environ. 22: 901–905.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dillon, P.J. & B.D. LaZerte, 1992. Response of Plastic Lake Catchment, Ontario, to reduced sulphur deposition. Environ. Pollut. 77: 211–217.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dillon, P.J., L.A. Molot & M. Futter, 1997. The effect of El Nino-related drought on the recovery of acidified lakes. Env. Mon. Assess. 46: 105–111.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dixit, S.S., A.S. Dixit & J.P. Smol, 1992. Assessment of changes in lakewater chemistry in Sudbury area lakes since preindustrial times. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 49 (Supplement 1): 8–16.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dixit, S.S., A.S. Dixit, J.P. Smol & W. Keller, 1995. Reading the record stored in the lake sediments: a method of determining the history and extent of industrial damage to lakes. In: J.M. Gunn (ed.), Environmental Restoration and Recovery of an Industrial Region. Springer Verlag, New York: 33–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dochinger, L.S. & T.A. Seliga (eds), 1976. Proceedings of the first international symposium on acid precipitation and the forest ecosystem. USDA Forest Service general Technical Rep. NE-23. Upper Darby, PA, 1074 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Drablos D. & A. Tollan (eds), 1980. Ecological impact of acid precipitation. Proc. Int. Conf. Sandefjord, Norway, 383 pp.

  • Doka, S.E., M.L. Mallory, D.K. McNicol & C.K. Minns, 1997. Species richness and species occurrence of five taxonomic groups in relation to pH and other lake characteristics in eastern Canada. Canadian Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. No. 2179.

  • Driscoll, C.T., K.M. Postek, W. Kretser & D.J. Raynal, 1995. Longterm trends in the chemistry of precipitation and lake water in the Adirondack region of New York, USA. Water Air Soil Pollut. 85: 583–588.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Environment Canada, 1995. Annual report on the federal-provincial agreements for the eastern Canada acid rain program. Environmental Protection Service, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, 14 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eriksson, M.O.G., L. Henrikson, B.I. Nilsson, H.G. Oscarson, J.A.E. Stenson & K. Larsson, 1980. Predator-prey relations important for the biotic changes in acidified lakes. Ambio 9: 248–249.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, D W., A.W. Gambell, G.E. Likens & F.H. Bormann, 1968. Atmospheric contributions to the water quality of streams in the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest. Wat. Resour. Res. 4: 1114–1126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Findlay, D.L. & S.E.M. Kasian, 1991. Response of a phytoplankton community to controlled partial recovery from acidification. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 48: 1022–1029.

    Google Scholar 

  • Findlay, D.L. & S.E.M. Kasian, 1996. The effect of incremental pH recovery on the Lake 223 phytoplankton community. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 53: 856–864.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frost, T.M., P.K. Montz & T.K. Kratz, 1998. Zooplankton community responses during recovery from acidification in Little Rock Lake, Wisconsin. Restor. Ecol. 6: 336–342.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gorham, E., 1955. On the acidity and salinity of rain. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 7: 231–239.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grennfelt, P., H. Rodhe, E. Thornelof & J. Wisnewski (eds), 1995. Acid Reign ’95. Proceedings from the 5th International Conference on Acidic Deposition. Goteborg, Sweden, 2730 pp.

  • Griffiths, R.W. & W. Keller, 1992. Benthic macroinvertebrate changes in lakes near Sudbury, Ontario following a reduction in acidity. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 49 (Supplement 1): 63–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gunn, J.M. & W. Keller, 1990. Biological recovery of an acid lake after reductions in industrial emissions of sulphur. Nature 345: 431–433.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gunn, J.M., M.J. McMurtry, J.M. Casselman, W. Keller & M.J. Powell, 1988. Changes in the fish community of a limed lake near Sudbury, Ontario: effects of chemical neutralization or reduced atmospheric deposition of acids? Water Air Soil Pollut. 41: 113–136.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gunn, J.M. & N. Belzile, 1994. Extrapolating from toxicological findings to regional estimations of acidification damage. In: C.E.W. Steinberg & R.F. Wright (eds), Acidification of Freshwater Ecosystems Implications for the Future. Dahlem Workshop Report, Berlin. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, UK: 217–226.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gunn, J.M. & K.H. Mills, 1998. The potential for restoration of acid-damaged lake trout lakes. Restor. Ecol. 6: 390–397.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Havens, K.E., N.D. Yan & W. Keller, 1993. Lake acidification: effects on crustacean zooplankton populations. Environ. Sci. Technol. 27: 1621–1624.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hedin, L.O., G.E. Likens & F.H. Borman, 1987. Decrease in precipitation acidity resulting from decreased SO 2-4 concentration. Nature 325: 244–246.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hedin, L.O., L. Granat, G.E. Likens, T.A. Bushand, J.N. Galloway, T.J. Butler & H. Rodhe, 1994. Steep declines in atmospheric base cations in regions of Europe and North America. Nature 367: 351–354.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Henriksen, A., A. Hindar, D.O. Hessen & O. Kaste, 1997. Contribution of nitrogen to acidity in the Bjerkreim River in southwestern Norway. Ambio 26: 304–311.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hettelhingh, J.-P., M. Posch, P.A.M. De Smet & R.J. Downing, 1995. The use of critical loads in emission reduction agreements in Europe. Water Air Soil Pollut. 85: 2381–2388.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hindar, A., A. Henriksen, S. Sandoy & A.J. Romundstad, 1998. Critical load concept to set restoration goals for liming acidified Norwegian waters. Restor. Ecol. 6: 353–363.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hornstrom, E., C. Ekstrom, E. Froberg & J. Ek, 1993. Plankton and chemical-physical development in six Swedish West Coast lakes under acidic and limed conditions. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 50: 688–702.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Howell, E.T., G. Coker, G.M. Booth, W. Keller, B. Neary, K.H. Nicholls, F.D. Tomassini, N. Yan, J.M. Gunn & H. Rietveld, 1991. Ecosystem responses of a pH 5.9 lake trout lake to whole lake liming. In: H. Olem, R.K. Schreiber, R.W. Brocksen & D.P. Porcella (eds), International Lake and Watershed Liming Practices. The Terrene Institute, Washington, D.C.: 61–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hultberg, H. & J. Stenson, 1970. Effects of acidification on the fish fauna of two small lakes in Bohuslan’ south-western Sweden. Flora Fauna 1: 11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hutchinson, T.C. & M. Havas, 1986. Recovery of previously acidified lakes near Coniston, Canada following reductions in atmospheric sulphur and metal emissions. Water Air Soil Pollut. 29: 319–333.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jeffries, D.S. (ed.), 1997. 1997 Canadian Acid Rain Assessment. Volume 3. The Effects on Canada’s Lakes, Rivers and Wetlands. Environment Canada. Burlington, Ontario, Canada, 224 pp.

  • Keller, W., 1992. Introduction and overview to aquatic acidification studies in the Sudbury, Ontario, Canada area. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 49: 3–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keller, W. & J.R. Pitblado, 1986. Water quality changes in Sudbury area lakes: a comparison of synoptic surveys in 1974–1976 and 1981–1983. Water Air Soil Pollut. 29: 285–296.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keller, W., N.D. Yan, K.E. Holtze & J.R. Pitblado, 1990a. Inferred effects of lake acidification on Daphnia galeata mendotae. Environ. Sci. Technol. 24: 1259–1261.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keller, W., L.A. Molot, R.W. Griffiths & N.D. Yan, 1990b. Changes in the zoobenthos community of acidified Bowland Lake after whole-lake neutralization and lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) reintroduction. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 47: 440–445.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keller, W. & N.D. Yan, 1991. Recovery of crustacean zooplankton species richness in Sudbury area lakes following water quality improvements. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 48: 1635–1644.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keller, W., J.R. Pitblado & J. Carbone, 1992a. Chemical responses of acidic lakes in the Sudbury, Ontario area to reduced smelter emissions, 1981–1989. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 49 (Supplement 1): 25–32.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keller, W., J.M. Gunn & N.D. Yan, 1992b. Evidence of biological recovery in acid stressed lakes near Sudbury, Canada. Environ. Pollut. 78: 79–85.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keller, W., N.D. Yan, T. Howell, L.A. Molot & W.D. Taylor, 1992c. Changes in zooplankton during the experimental neutralization and early reacidification of Bowland Lake near Sudbury, Ontario. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 49 (Supplement 1): 52–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keller, W. & J.M. Gunn, 1995. Lake water quality improvements and recovering aquatic communities. In: J.M. Gunn (ed.) Environmental Restoration and Recovery of an Industrial Region. Springer Verlag, New York: 67–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keller, W. & N.D. Yan, 1998. Biological recovery from lake acidification: zooplankton communities as a model of patterns and processes. Restor. Ecol. 6: 364–375.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keller, W., J. H. Heneberry & J.M. Gunn, 1999. Effects of emission reductions from the Sudbury smelters on the recovery of acid-and metal-damaged lakes. J. Aquat. Ecosyst. Stress and Recovery 6: 189–198.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kelso, J.R.M., M.A. Shaw & D.S. Jeffries, 1992. Contemporary (1979–1988) and inferred historical status of headwater lakes in north central Ontario, Canada. Environ. Pollut. 78: 65–71.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kilgour, B.W., K. M. Somers & D.E. Matthews, 1998. Using the normal range as a criterion for ecological significance in environmental monitoring and assessment. Ecoscience (in press).

  • Likens, G.E., C.T. Driscoll & D.C. Buso, 1996. Long term effects of acid rain: response and recovery of a forest ecosystem. Science 272: 244–246.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Locke, A., W.G. Sprules, W. Keller & J.R. Pitblado, 1994. Zooplankton communities and water chemistry of Sudbury area lakes: changes related to pH recovery. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 51: 151–160.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacIsaac, H.J.,W. Keller, T.C. Hutchinson & N.D. Yan, 1986. Natural changes in the planktonic Rotifera of a small acid lake near Sudbury, Ontario following water quality improvements. Water Air Soil Pollution 31: 791–797.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malley, D.F. & P.S.S. Chang, 1994. Assessing the health of a zooplankton community in a small Precambrian Shield lake during recovery from experimental acidification. J. Aquat. Ecosystem Health 3: 273–286.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, H.C. (ed.), 1986. Acidic precipitation. Proceedings of the international symposium on acidic precipitation, Muskoka, Ontario, September 15–20, 1985. Water Air Soil Pollut. 30: 1–1053, 31: 1–1118.

  • Matuszek, J.E., J. Goodier & D.L. Wales, 1990. The occurrence of cyprinids and other small fish species in relation to pH in Ontario lakes. Transact. Amer. Fish. Soc. 119: 850–861.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McNicol, D.K. & M. Mallory, 1994. Trends in small lake water chemistry near Sudbury, Canada. Water Air Soil Pollut. 73: 105–120.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Molot, L.A., L. Heintsch & K.H. Nicholls, 1990. Response of phytoplankton in acidic lakes in Ontario to whole-lake neutralization. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 47: 422–431.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP), 1993. 1992 report to Congress, National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program. Washington, DC., 130 pp.

  • Neary, B.P., P.J. Dillon, J.R. Munro & B.J. Clark, 1990. The Acidification of Ontario Lakes: an Assessment of Their Sensitivity and Current Status With Respect to Biological Damage. Tech. Rept. Ontario Ministry of Environment and Energy, Dorset, Ontario, Canada, 171 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nicholls, K.H., L. Nakamoto & W. Keller, 1992. The phytoplankton of Sudbury area lakes (Ontario) and relationships with acidification status. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 49 (Supplement 1): 40–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • NIVA (Norwegian Institute for Water Research), 1997. The nine year report: acidification of surface water in Europe and North America-long-term developments (1980’s and 1990’s). International Cooperative Programme on Assessment and Monitoring of Acidification of Rivers and Lakes. Oslo, Norway. ISBN 82-577-3195-1. 168 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nyberg, P., 1984. Impact of Chaoboruspredation on planktonic crustacean communities in some acidified and limed forest lakes in Sweden. Report, Institute for Freshwater Research, Drottningholm, Sweden. 61: 154–166.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oden, S., 1968. The acidification of air and precipitation and its consequences in the natural environment. Ecology Committee Bulletin No. 1. Swedish National Science Research Council, Stockholm. Translation Consultants, Ltd. Arlington, VA, 117 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Neill, R.V., 1999. Recovery in complex ecosystems. J. Aquat. Ecosyst. Stress and Recovery 6: 181–187.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patrick, R., 1967. The effect of invasion rate, species pool, and size of area on the structure of the diatom community. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 58: 1335–1342.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raddum, G.G. & B.L. Skjelkvale, 1995. Critical limits of acidification to invertebrates in different regions of Europe. Water Air Soil Pollut. 85: 475–480.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rapp, L. & K. Bishop, 1995. Sulphur deposition and changes in Swedish lake chemistry 1988–1993. Water Air Soil Pollut. 85: 2449–2454.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rask, M., J. Raitaniemi, J. Mannio, J. Vuorenmaa & K. Nyberg, 1995. Losses and recoveries of fish populations in acidified lakes of southern Finland in the last decade. Water Air Soil Pollut. 85: 315–320.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, J.V. & J.E. Dickerson Jr., 1987. Does invasion sequence affect community structure? Ecology 68: 587–595.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, J.V. & M.A. Edgemon, 1988. An experimental evaluation of the effect of invasion history on community structure. Ecology 69: 1410–1417.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sampson, C.J., P.L. Brezonik, T.M. Frost, K.E. Webster & T.D. Simonson, 1995. Experimental acidification of Little Rock Lake, Wisconsin: the first four years of chemical and biological recovery. Water Air Soil Pollut. 85: 1713–1719.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schindler, D.W., 1987. Detecting ecosystem responses to anthropogenic stresses. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 44 (Suppl. 1): 6–25.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schindler, D.W., 1988. Effects of acid rain on freshwater ecosystems. Science 239: 149–157.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schindler, D.W., 1992. A view of NAPAP from north of the border. Ecol. Applicat. 2: 124–130.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schindler, D.W., P.J. Curtis, B.R. Parker & M.P. Stainton, 1996. Consequences of climate warming and lake acidification for UVB penetration in North American Boreal lakes. Nature 379: 705–708.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Skeffington, R.A. & D.J.A. Brown, 1992. Time-scales of recovery from acidification: implications of current knowledge for aquatic organisms. Environ. Pollut. 77: 227–234.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smol J.P., B.F. Cumming, A.S. Dixit & S.S. Dixit, 1998. Tracking recovery patterns in acidified lakes: a paleolimnological perspective. Restor. Ecol. 6: 318–326.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Snucins, E.J., J.M. Gunn & W. Keller, 1995. Preservation of biodiversity: aurora trout. In: J.M. Gunn (ed.), Environmental Restoration and Recovery of an Industrial Region. Springer Verlag, New York: 143–153.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steinberg, C.E.W., H. Schafer, W. Beisker & R. Bruggemann, 1998. Deriving restoration goals for acidified lakes from ataxonomic phytoplankton studies. Restor. Ecol. 6: 327–335.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turner, M., B. Donahue, B. Hann, C. Trick, D. Cruikshank, D. Findlay, D. Malley, E. Schindler, I. Davies, K. Beaty, K. Mills, M. Lyng, M. Stainton, P. Chang, R. Hecky, R. Hunt, R. Wageman, S. Chalanchuk, V. St. Louis & W. Findlay, 1998. Constraints on the ability of an aquatic ecosystem to recover from acidification. Proc. Sudbury Restoration Wkshp. Cooperative Freshwater Ecology Unit, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada, p. 35.

    Google Scholar 

  • UN (United Nations), 1994. Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution on Further Reduction of Sulphur Emissions. Annex II, United Nations, Oslo, Norway, 29 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vanni, M.J., 1988. Freshwater zooplankton community structure: introduction of large invertebrate predators and large herbivores to a small species community. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 45: 1758–1770.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • von Ende, C.N. & D. Dempsey, 1981. Apparent exclusion of the cladoceran Bosmina longirostrisby the invertebrate predator Chaoborus americanus. Amer. Midl. Natur. 105: 240–248.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Webster, K.E. & P.L. Brezonik, 1995. Climate confounds detection of chemical trends related to acid deposition in upper midwest lakes in the USA. Water Air Soil Pollut. 85: 1575–1580.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yan, N.D. & W. Keller, 1991. The value of spatial and temporal reference sites: responses of crustacean zooplankton to changes in habitat acidity. In: N. D. Yan (ed.), Natural Resources: Riches or Remnants. Proc. Can. Soc. Env. Biol. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: 82–86.

  • Yan, N.D., W. Keller, H.J. MacIsaac & L.J. McEachern, 1991. Regulation of zooplankton community structure in an acidic lake by Chaoborus. Ecol. Appl. 1: 52–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yan, N. D., W. eller & J. M. Gunn, 1995. Liming of Sudbury lakes: lessons for recovery of aquatic biota from acidification. In: J. M. Gunn (ed.), Environmental Restoration and Recovery of an Industrial Region. Springer Verlag, New York: 195–204.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yan, N.D., W. Keller, N.M. Scully, D.R.S. Lean & P.J. Dillon, 1996a. Increased UV-B penetration in a lake owing to droughtinduced acidification. Nature 381: 141–143.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yan, N.D., W. Keller, K.M. Somers, T.W. Pawson & R.G. Girard, 1996b. Recovery of crustacean zooplankton communities from acid and metal contamination: comparing manipulated and reference lakes. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 53: 1301–1327.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yan, N.D., P.G. Welsh, H. Lin, D.J. Taylor & J.M. Filion, 1996c. Demographic and genetic evidence of the long-term recovery of Daphnia galeata mendotae(Crustacea: Daphnidae) in Sudbury lakes following additions of base: the role of metal toxicity. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 53: 1328–1344

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, Laurentian University, Ontario Ministry of Environment, Cooperative Freshwater Ecology Unit, Sudbury, Ontario, P3E 2C6, Canada

    Wendel (Bill) Keller

  2. Department of Biology, Laurentian University, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Cooperative Freshwater Ecology Unit, Sudbury, Ontario, P3E 2C6, Canada

    John M. Gunn & Norman D. Yan

Authors
  1. Wendel (Bill) Keller
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. John M. Gunn
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Norman D. Yan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Keller, W.(., Gunn, J.M. & Yan, N.D. Acid rain — perspectives on lake recovery. Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Stress and Recovery 6, 207–216 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009983318502

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009983318502

Search

Navigation