Skip to main content
Log in

T Tauri Stars

  • Published:
Astrophysics Aims and scope

Abstract

The observable characteristics of young solar-mass stars (T Tauri stars) are reviewed. Modern theoretical concepts and models of these stars are discussed briefly.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

REFERENCES

  1. A. H. Joy, Astrophys. J. 102, 168 (1945).

    Google Scholar 

  2. A. H. Joy, Astrophys. J. 110, 424 (1949).

    Google Scholar 

  3. V. A. Ambartsumian, Stellar evolution and Astrophysics, Acad. Sci. ArmSSR, Erevan (1947).

    Google Scholar 

  4. G. H. Herbig, Adv. Astron. Astrophys. 1, 47 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  5. I. Appenzeller and R. Mundt, Astron. Astrophys. Rev. 1, 291 (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  6. C. Bertout, Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 27, 351 (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  7. G. Basri and C. Bertout, in: Protostars and Planets III, eds. E. H. Levy and J. I. Lunine, Univ. Arizona, Tucson (1993), p. 553.

    Google Scholar 

  8. F. Shu, F. C. Adams, and S. Lizano, Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 25, 23 (1987).

    Google Scholar 

  9. S. W. Stahler, Proc. 33rd ESLAB Symp. “Star formation from the small to the large scales”, ASTEC, Noordwijk, eds. F. Favata, A. A. Kaas, and A. Wilson (2000), p. 133.

    Google Scholar 

  10. F. Palla and S. W. Stahler, Astrophys. J. 525, 772 (1999).

    Google Scholar 

  11. S. J. Kenyon and L. Hartmann, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 101, 117 (1995).

    Google Scholar 

  12. L. B. F. M. Waters and C. Waelkens, Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 36, 233 (1998).

    Google Scholar 

  13. R. E. Gershberg, Activity of main sequence solar type stars, Astroprint, Odessa (2002), p. 688.

    Google Scholar 

  14. P. Petrov and A. Shcherbakov, Stars and galaxies in an observational aspect, in: Proc. III European Astronomical Conf., Tbilisi, 1-5 July 1975, E. K. Kharadze, ed., Metsniereba, Tbilisi (1976), p. 163.

    Google Scholar 

  15. P. F. Chugainov, Astrofizika 34, 271 (1991).

    Google Scholar 

  16. F. M. Walter, Astrophys. J. 306, 573 (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  17. K. P. Lindroos, Astron. Astrophys. 156, 223 (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  18. G. H. Herbig and K. R. Bell, Lick Obs. Bull., No. 1111 (1988).

  19. M. Cohen and L. V. Kuhi, Astron. J. Suppl. Ser. 41, 743 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  20. M. Cohen and L. V. Kuhi, Astrophys. J. 227, L105 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  21. L. V. Kuhi, Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. 15, 47 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  22. C. Bertout, G. Basri, and J. Bouvier, Astrophys. J. 330, 350 (1988).

    Google Scholar 

  23. V. E. E. Mendoza, Astrophys. J. 143, 1010 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  24. V. E. E. Mendoza, Astrophys. J. 151, 997 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  25. A. E. Rydgren, D. S. Zak, F. J. Vrba, et al., Astron. J. 89, 1015 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  26. S. Rucinski, Astron. J. 90, 2321 (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  27. A. Skumanich, Astrophys. J. 171, 565 (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  28. G. Basri, E. L. Martin, and C. Bertout, Astron. Astrophys. 252, 625 (1991).

    Google Scholar 

  29. A. Magazzu, R. Rebolo, and I. V. Pavlenko, Astrophys. J. 392, 159 (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  30. U. Finkenzeller and G. Basri, Astrophys. J. 318, 82 (1987).

    Google Scholar 

  31. G. Basri and C. C. Batalha, Astrophys. J. 363, 654 (1990).

    Google Scholar 

  32. A. Chelli, L. Carrasko, R. Mujica, et al., Astron. Astrophys. 345, L9 (1999).

    Google Scholar 

  33. P. P. Petrov, G. F. Gahm, J. F. Gameiro, et al., Astron. Astrophys. 369, 993 (2001).

    Google Scholar 

  34. C. C. Batalha, N. M. Stout-Batalha, G. Basri, and M. A. O. Terra, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 103, 211 (1996).

    Google Scholar 

  35. P. Hartigan, S. Edwards, and L. Ghandour, Astrophys. J. 452, 736 (1995).

    Google Scholar 

  36. J. Bouvier, C. Bertout, W. Benz, and M. Mayor, Astron. Astrophys. 165, 110 (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  37. G. H. Herbig, Pub. Astr. Soc. Pacif. 57, 163 (1945).

    Google Scholar 

  38. G. F. Gahm, Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. Ser. 18, 259 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  39. C. L. Imhoff and I. Appenzeller, Scientific Accomp. of the IUE, ed. Y. Kondo, Dordrecht, Reidel (1987), p. 295.

    Google Scholar 

  40. A. I. Gomez de Castro, in: “Ultraviolet Astrophysics Beyond the IUE Final Archive”, ESA SP-413 (1998), p. 59.

  41. M. E. van den Ancker, P. R. Wesselius, A. G. G. M. Tielens, et al., Astron. Astrophys. 348, 877 (1999).

    Google Scholar 

  42. J. Gurtler, K. Schreyer, Th. Henning, et al., Astron. Astrophys. 346, 205 (1999).

    Google Scholar 

  43. A. Natta, M. R. Meyer, and S. V. W. Beckwith, Astrophys. J. 534, 838 (2000).

    Google Scholar 

  44. W. F. Thi, E. F. van Dishoeck, G. A. Blake, et al., Astrophys. J. 561, 1074 (2001).

    Google Scholar 

  45. F. Hamann and S. E. Persson, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 82, 247 (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  46. S. Edwards, P. Hartigan, L. Ghandour, and C. Andrulis, Astron. J. 108, 1056 (1994).

    Google Scholar 

  47. S. H. P. Alencar and G. Basri, Astron. J. 119, 1881 (2000).

    Google Scholar 

  48. J. Muzerolle, N. Calvet, and L. Hartmann, Astrophys. J. 492, 743 (1998).

    Google Scholar 

  49. M. T. V. T. Lago, and J. F. Gameiro, Mon. Notic. Roy. Astr. Soc. 294, 272 (1998).

    Google Scholar 

  50. B. Reipurt, A. Pedrosa, and M. T. V. T. Lago, Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. Ser. 120, 229 (1996).

    Google Scholar 

  51. C. M. Johns and G. Basri, Astrophys. J. 449, 341 (1995).

    Google Scholar 

  52. I. Jankovics, I. Appenzeller, and J. Krautter, Publ. Astr. Soc. Pacif. 95, 883 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  53. I. Appenzeller, I. Jankovics, and R. Ostreicher, Astron. Astrophys. 141, 108 (1987).

    Google Scholar 

  54. S. Edwards, S. Cabrit, S. E. Strom, I. Heyer, K. M. Strom, and E. Anderson, Astrophys. J. 321, 473 (1987).

    Google Scholar 

  55. M. S. Giampapa, G. Basri, C. M. Johns, and C. L. Imhoff, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 89, 321 (1993).

    Google Scholar 

  56. P. P. Petrov, E. Gullbring, I. Ilyin, et al., Astron. Astrophys. 314, 821 (1996).

    Google Scholar 

  57. V. P. Grinin, P. P. Petrov, and N. I. Shakhovskaya, Izv. Krymskoi astrofiz. observ. 71, 109 (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  58. F. Shu, J. Najita, E. Ostriker, et al., Astrophys. J. 429, 781 (1994).

    Google Scholar 

  59. P. P. Petrov, V. A. Shcherbakov, S. V. Berdyugina, et al., Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. Ser. 107, 9 (1994).

    Google Scholar 

  60. M. Fernandez and L. F. Miranda, Astron. Astrophys. 332, 629 (1998).

    Google Scholar 

  61. W. Herbst, Astron. J. 98, 2268 (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  62. C. M. Johns-Krull and G. Basri, Astrophys. J. 474, 433 (1997).

    Google Scholar 

  63. S. H. P. Alencar, C. M. Johns-Krull, and G. Basri, Astron. J. 122, 3335 (2001).

    Google Scholar 

  64. E. Gullbring, P. P. Petrov, I. Ilyin, et al., Astron. Astrophys. 314, 835 (1996).

    Google Scholar 

  65. J. Bouvier, A. Chelli, S. Allain, et al., Astron. Astrophys. 349, 619 (1999).

    Google Scholar 

  66. J. Bouvier, K. N. Grankin, S. H. P. Alencar, et al., Astron. Astrophys. in press (2003).

  67. C. Hoffmeister, Astr. Nach. 278, 24 (1949).

    Google Scholar 

  68. W. Herbst, D. K. Herbst, E. J. Grossman, and D. Weinstein, Astron. J. 108, 1906 (1994).

    Google Scholar 

  69. W. Herbst and R. M. Levreault, Astron. J. 100, 1951 (1990).

    Google Scholar 

  70. P. P. Petrov, G. V. Zajtseva, Yu. S. Efimov, et al., Astron. Astrophys. 341, 553 (1999).

    Google Scholar 

  71. F. J. Vrba, A. E. Rydgren, P. F. Chugainov, et al., Astrophys. J. 306, 199 (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  72. V. P. Grinin, N. N. Kiselev, G. P. Chernova, et al., Astrophys. Space Sci. 186, 283 (1991).

    Google Scholar 

  73. N. N. Kilyachkov and V. S. Shevchenko, Pis'ma Astron. Zh. 2, 494 (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  74. G. V. Zaitseva and V. M. Lyutyi, Perem. Zv. 20, 255 (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  75. G. F. Gahm, in: “Flares and Flashes”, IAU Colloq. 151, Lecture Notes in Phys. (1995), p. 203.

    Google Scholar 

  76. W. Gotz and W. Wenzel, Mitt. Veranderl. Sterne 5, No.8, 142 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  77. E. W. Guenther and J. P. Emerson, Astron. Astrophys. 321, 803 (1997).

    Google Scholar 

  78. K. Hunger and G. E. Kron, Publ. Astr. Soc. Pacif. 69, 347 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  79. W. Hiltner and B. Iriarte, Astrophys. J. 127, 510 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  80. P. Bastien, in: Polarized Radiation of Circumstellar Origin, eds. V. G. Coyne et al., Vatican Observatory (1989), p. 541.

  81. J. H. Hough, J. Bailey, A. McCall, et al., Mon. Notic. Roy. Astr. Soc. 195, 429 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  82. R. Schulte-Ladbeck, Astron. Astrophys. 120, 203 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  83. A. Moneti, J. L. Pipher, H. L. Helfer, et al., Astrophys. J. 282, 508 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  84. Yu. K. Bergner, A. S. Mitroshnichenko, R. V. Yudin, et al., Pis'ma Astron. Zh. 13, 208 (1987).

    Google Scholar 

  85. R. V. Yudin, Astron. Zh. 65, 1250 (1988).

    Google Scholar 

  86. P. Bastien, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 59, 277 (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  87. R. A. Vardanyan, Soobshcheniya Byurakanskoi obs. 35, 3 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  88. T. Nagata, S. Sato, and Y. Kobayashi, Astron. Astrophys. 119, L1 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  89. R. Mundt and J. W. Fried, Astrophys. J. 274, L83 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  90. K. W. Hodapp, Astron. Astrophys. 141, 255 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  91. P. Bastien, Astrophys. J. 317, 231 (1987).

    Google Scholar 

  92. P. Bastien and F. Menard, Astrophys. J. 364, 232 (1990).

    Google Scholar 

  93. T. Montmerle, L. Koch-Miramond, E. Falgarone, and J. E. Grindlay, Astrophys. J. 269, 182 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  94. E. D. Feigelson and T. Montmerle, Astrophys. J. Lett. 289, L19 (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  95. J. Bouvier, Astron. J. 99, 946 (1990).

    Google Scholar 

  96. E. D. Feigelson and W. M. DeCampli, Astrophys. J. 243, 89 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  97. F. M. Walter and L. V. Kuhi, Astrophys. J. 284, 194 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  98. T. Montmerle and P. Andre, in: “Formation and Evolution of Low Mass Stars”, eds: A. K. Dupree and M. T. V. T. Lago, Kluwer Acad. Publ. (1988), p. 225.

  99. E. D. Feigelson, in: Cool Stars, Stellar Systems and the Sun, eds J. L. Linski and R. E. Stencel, Springer Lecture Notes in Physics, 291 (1988), p. 455.

  100. G. Basri, G. W. Marcy, J. A. Valenti, Astrophys. J. 390, 622 (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  101. E. Guenther, H. Lehman, J. P. Emerson, and J. Staude, Astron. Astrophys. 341, 768 (1998).

    Google Scholar 

  102. C. M. Johns-Krull, J. A. Valenti, and C. Koresko, Astrophys. J. 516, 900 (1999).

    Google Scholar 

  103. J.-F. Donati, M. Semel, B. D. Carter, et al., Mon. Notic. Roy. Astr. Soc. 291, 658 (1997).

    Google Scholar 

  104. C. M. Johns-Krull, J. A. Valenti, A. Hatzes, and A. Kanaan, Astrophys. J. 510, L41 (1999).

    Google Scholar 

  105. C. Hoffmeister, Veroeff. Stern. Sonnenberg 6, 97 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  106. V. S. Shevchenko and W. Herbst, Astrophys. J. 116, 1419 (1998).

    Google Scholar 

  107. K. Grankin, Astron. Zh. 72, 894 (1995).

    Google Scholar 

  108. J. Bouvier and C. Bertout, Astron. Astrophys. 211, 99 (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  109. V. P. Grinin, Astrofizika 16, 243 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  110. I. Joncour, C. Bertout, and F. Menard, Astron. Astrophys. 285, L25 (1994).

    Google Scholar 

  111. K. G. Strassmeier, A. D. Welty, and J. B. Rice, Astron. Astrophys. 285, L17 (1994).

    Google Scholar 

  112. A. P. Hatzes, Astrophys. J. 451, 784 (1995).

    Google Scholar 

  113. J. B. Rice and K. G. Strassmeier, Astron. Astrophys. 316, 164 (1996).

    Google Scholar 

  114. I. Joncour, C. Bertout, and J. Bouvier, Astron. Astrophys. 291, L19 (1994).

    Google Scholar 

  115. C. M. Johns-Krull and A. P. Hatzes, Astrophys. J. 487, 896 (1997).

    Google Scholar 

  116. Y. C. Unruh, A. Collier Cameron, and E. Guenther, Mon. Notic. Roy. Astr. Soc. 295, 781 (1998).

    Google Scholar 

  117. M. Schussler, P. Caligari, A. Ferriz-Mas, et al., Astron. Astrophys. 341, 503 (1996).

    Google Scholar 

  118. J. Bouvier, E. Covino, O. Kovo, et al., Astron. Astrophys. 299, 89 (1995).

    Google Scholar 

  119. P. C. Myers, G. A. Fuller, R. D. Mathieu, et al., Astrophys. J. 319, 340 (1987).

    Google Scholar 

  120. M. Cohen, Astrophys. J. 270, L69 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  121. A. I. Sargent and W. J. Welch, Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 31, 297 (1993).

    Google Scholar 

  122. A. Dutrey, S. Guilloteau, and M. Simon, Astron. Astrophys. 286, 149 (1994).

    Google Scholar 

  123. S. Guilloteau, A. Dutrey, and M. Simon, Astron. Astrophys. 348, 570 (1999).

    Google Scholar 

  124. A. Dutrey, S. Guilloteau, L. Prato, et al., Astron. Astrophys. 338, L63 (1998).

    Google Scholar 

  125. S. Guilloteau and A. Dutrey, Astron. Astrophys. 339, 467 (1998).

    Google Scholar 

  126. G. Duvert, A. Dutrey, S. Guilloteau, et al., Astron. Astrophys. 332, 867 (1998).

    Google Scholar 

  127. C. R. O'Dell, Z. Wen, and X. Hu, Astrophys. J. 410, 696 (1993).

    Google Scholar 

  128. C. R. O'Dell and Z. Wen, Astrophys. J. 436, 194 (1994).

    Google Scholar 

  129. K. R. Stapelfeldt, J. E. Krist, F. Menard, et al., Astrophys. J. 502, L65 (1998).

    Google Scholar 

  130. N. I. Shakura and R. A. Sunyaev, Astron. Astrophys. 24, 337 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  131. D. Lynden-Bell and J. E. Pringle, Mon. Notic. Roy. Astr. Soc. 168, 603 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  132. F. C. Adams, C. J. Lada, and F. H. Shu, Astrophys. J. 326, 865 (1988).

    Google Scholar 

  133. S. Cabrit, S. Edwards, S. S. Strom, and K. M. Strom, Astrophys. J. 354, 687 (1990).

    Google Scholar 

  134. M. Osterloh and S. V. W. Beckwith, Astrophys. J. 439, 288 (1995).

    Google Scholar 

  135. P. Artymovitcz and S. H. Lubow, Astrophys. J. 421, 651 (1994).

    Google Scholar 

  136. M. Simon and L. Prato, Astrophys. J. 450, 824 (1995).

    Google Scholar 

  137. J. Bally and C. J. Lada, Astrophys. J. 265, 824 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  138. C. J. Lada, Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 23, 267 (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  139. A. I. Sargent and S. Beckwith, Astrophys. J. 323, 294 (1987).

    Google Scholar 

  140. R. D. Schwartz, Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 21, 209 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  141. L. V. Kuhi, Astrophys. J. 140, 1409 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  142. A. Natta and C. Giovanardi, Astrophys. J. 356, 646 (1990).

    Google Scholar 

  143. S. Edwards and S. E. Strom, in: Proc. of 5th Cambridge Workshop on Cool Stars, Stellar System and the Sun, eds. J. L. Linsky and R. E. Stencel, Berlin: Springer (1988), p. 443.

    Google Scholar 

  144. W. M. DeCampli, Astrophys. J. 244, 124 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  145. L. Hartmann, S. Edwards, and A. Avrett, Astrophys. J. 261, 279 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  146. M. T. V. T. Lago, PhD Thesis (1979).

  147. M. T. V. T. Lago, Mon. Notic. Roy. Astr. Soc. 210, 323 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  148. A. Natta, C. Giovanardi, and F. Palla, Astrophys. J. 332, 921 (1988).

    Google Scholar 

  149. R. Mundt and J. W. Fried, Astrophys. J. 274, L83 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  150. M. J. McCaughrean, K. Stapelfeldt, and L. Close, in: “Protostars and Planets”, IV. V. Mannings, A. P. Boss, and S. S. Russel, eds., Tucson: Univ. of Arizona Press (2000), p. 485.

    Google Scholar 

  151. A. Kцnigl, in: “Disks and Outflows in Young Stars”, eds. S. Beckwith, J. Staude, A. Quetz, A. Natta (1994), p. 700.

  152. G. A. Hirth, R. Mundt, and J. Solf, in: “Disks and Outflows in Young Stars”, S. Beckwith, J. Staude, A. Quetz, and A. Natta, eds. (1996), p. 609.

  153. F. Hamann, Astrophys. J. Suppl. 93, 485 (1994).

    Google Scholar 

  154. J. Kwan and E. Tademaru, Astrophys. J. 332, L41 (1988).

    Google Scholar 

  155. R. Mundt, in: Formation and Evolution of Low Mass Stars, eds. A. K. Dupree and M. T. V. T. Lago, Dordrecht: Reidel (1988), p. 257.

    Google Scholar 

  156. G. Hirth, R. Mundt, J. Solf, and T. Ray, Astrophys. J. 427, 99 (1994).

    Google Scholar 

  157. J. Woitas, T. P. Ray, F. Bacciotti, et al., Astrophys. J. 580, 336 (2002).

    Google Scholar 

  158. R. D. Blandford and D. G. Payne, Mon. Notic. Roy. Astr. Soc. 199, 883 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  159. R. Pudritz and C. A. Norman, Astrophys. J. 274, 677 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  160. Y. Uchida and K. Shibata, PASJ 36, 106 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  161. M. Camenzind, Rev. Mod. Astron., ed. G. Klare, 3, 234 (1990).

  162. A. Kцnigl, Astrophys. J. 370, L39 (1991).

    Google Scholar 

  163. A. Duquennoy and M. Mayor, Astron. Astrophys. 248, 485 (1991).

    Google Scholar 

  164. R. D. Mathieu, A. M. Ghez, E. L. N. Jensen, and M. Simon, in: Protostars and Planets, IV, V. Mannings, A. P. Boss, and S. S. Russel, eds., Tucson: Univ. of Arizona Press, (2000), p. 703.

    Google Scholar 

  165. C. Leinert, H. Zinneker, N. Weitzel, et al., Astron. Astrophys. 278, 129 (1993).

    Google Scholar 

  166. R. Kohler and C. Leinert, Astron. Astrophys. 331, 977 (1998).

    Google Scholar 

  167. M. Simon, A. M. Ghez, Ch. Leinert, et al., Astrophys. J. 443, 625 (1995).

    Google Scholar 

  168. M. G. Petr, V. Coude Du Foresto, S. V. W. Beckwith, A. Richichi, and M. McCaughrean, Astrophys. J. 500, 825 (1998).

    Google Scholar 

  169. M. Simon, L. M. Close, and T. L. Beck, Astron. J. 117, 1375 (1999).

    Google Scholar 

  170. A. M. Ghez, A. J. Weinberger, G. Neugebauer, et al., Astron. J. 110, 753 (1995).

    Google Scholar 

  171. L. Prato, T. P. Greene, and M. Simon, Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. 201, 2017 (2002).

    Google Scholar 

  172. B. W. Casey, R. D. Mathieu, L. P. R. Vaz, et al., Astron. J. 115, 1617 (1998).

    Google Scholar 

  173. P. Corporon, A. M. Lagrange, and H. Beust, Astron. Astrophys. 310, 228 (1996).

    Google Scholar 

  174. R. J. White, A. M. Ghez, I. N. Reid, and G. Schultz, Astrophys. J. 520, 811 (1999).

    Google Scholar 

  175. G. H. Herbig, Mem. Soc. R. Sci. Liege 19, 13 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  176. L. E. Cram, Astrophys. J. 234, 949 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  177. N. Calvet, G. Basri, and L. Kuhi, Astrophys. J. 277, 725 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  178. N. Calvet, G. Basri, C. Imhoff, and M. Giampapa, Astrophys. J. 293, 575 (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  179. C. C. Batalha and G. Basri, Astrophys. J. 412, 363 (1993).

    Google Scholar 

  180. L. Hartmann, E. H. Avrett, R. Loeser, and N. Calvet, Astrophys. J. 349, 168 (1990).

    Google Scholar 

  181. A. Natta and C. Giovanardi, Astron. Astrophys. 356, 646 (1990).

    Google Scholar 

  182. N. Calvet, L. Hartmann, and R. Hewett, Astrophys. J. 386, 229 (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  183. V. P. Grinin and A. S. Mitskevich, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 185, 107 (1991).

    Google Scholar 

  184. A. S. Mitskevich, A. Natta, and V. P. Grinin, Astrophys. J. 404, 751 (1993).

    Google Scholar 

  185. R. K. Ulrich, Astrophys. J. 210, 377 (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  186. G. Basri and C. Bertout, Astrophys. J. 341, 340 (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  187. P. Hartigan, L. Hartmann, S. Kenyon, et al., Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 70, 899 (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  188. P. Hartigan, S. Kenyon, L. Hartmann, et al., Astrophys. J. 382, 617 (1991).

    Google Scholar 

  189. J. A. Valenti, G. Basri, and C. M. Johns, Astron. J. 106, 2024 (1993).

    Google Scholar 

  190. P. Gosh and F. K. Lamb, Astrophys. J. 232, 259 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  191. C. M. Johns-Krull, J. A. Valenty, and J. L. Linsky, Astrophys. J. 539, 815 (2000).

    Google Scholar 

  192. S. Edwards, S. E. Strom, P. Hartigan, et al., Astron. J. 106, 372 (1993).

    Google Scholar 

  193. E. Ostriker and F. Shu, Astrophys. J. 447, 813 (1995).

    Google Scholar 

  194. L. Hartmann, Astrophys. J. 566, L29 (2002).

    Google Scholar 

  195. N. Calvet and E. Gullbring, Astrophys. J. 509, 802 (1998).

    Google Scholar 

  196. S. A. Lamzin, Astron. Astrophys. 295, L20 (1995).

    Google Scholar 

  197. S. A. Lamzin, Astron. Rep. 42, 322 (1998).

    Google Scholar 

  198. A. I. Gomez de Castro and S. A. Lamzin, Mon. Notic. Roy. Astr. Soc. 304, L41 (1999).

    Google Scholar 

  199. N. Calvet and L. Hartmann, Astrophys. J. 386, 239 (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  200. J. Muzerolle, L. Hartmann, and N. Calvet, Astron. J. 116, 455 (1998).

    Google Scholar 

  201. J. Najita, J. S. Carr, and A. T. Tokunaga, Astrophys. J. 456, 292 (1996).

    Google Scholar 

  202. L. Hartmann, R. Hewett, and N. Calvet, Astrophys. J. 426, 669 (1994).

    Google Scholar 

  203. J. Najita and F. H. Shu, Astrophys. J. 429, 808 (1994).

    Google Scholar 

  204. P. Safier, Astrophys. J. 494, 336 (1998).

    Google Scholar 

  205. M. Camenzind, in: IAU Symp. 192, HH Flows and the Birth of Low Mass Stars, eds. B. Reipurth and C. Bertout, Dordrecht: Kluwer (1997), p. 241.

    Google Scholar 

  206. G. H. Herbig, Vistas in Astron. 8, 109 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  207. G. Velin, Astron. Astrophys. 12, 312 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  208. G. H. Herbig, Astrophys. J. 217, 693 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  209. G. L. Grasdalen, Astrophys. J. 182, 781 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  210. E. I. Kopatskaya, Trudy AO LGU 42, 136 (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  211. V. A. Ambartsumyan, Astrofizika 7, 557 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  212. L. V. Mirzoyan, Astrofizika 18, 463 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  213. L. Hartmann and S. J. Kenyon, Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 34, 207 (1996).

    Google Scholar 

  214. B. Reipurt, in: IAU Symp 137, Flare Stars in Star Clusters, Associations and the Solar Vicinity, eds. L. V. Mirzojan, B. R. Petterson, and M. K. Tsvetkov, Kluwer, Dordrecht (1990), p. 229.

    Google Scholar 

  215. B. Reipurt, L. Hartmann, S. J. Kenyon, A. Smette, and P. Bouchet, Astron. J. 124, 2194 (2002).

    Google Scholar 

  216. S. J. Kenyon, L. W. Hartmann, and E. A. Kolotilov, Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacif. 103, 1069 (1991).

    Google Scholar 

  217. E. A. Kolotilov and S. J. Kenyon, IBVS 4494 (1997).

  218. M. Ibrahimov, IBVS 4691 (1999).

  219. E. N. Kopatskaya, V. P. Grinin, D. N. Shakhovskoi, and O. S. Shulov, Astrofizika 45, 175 (2002).

    Google Scholar 

  220. K. Croswell, L. Hartmann, and E. H. Avrett, Astrophys. J. 312, 227 (1987).

    Google Scholar 

  221. G. H. Herbig, P. P. Petrov, and R. Duemmler, Astrophys. J. 595 (2003), in press.

  222. P. P. Petrov, R. Duemmler, I. Ilyin, and I. Tuominen, Astron. Astrophys. 331, L53 (1998).

    Google Scholar 

  223. L. Hartmann and S. Kenyon, Astrophys. J. 299, 462 (1988).

    Google Scholar 

  224. S. J. Kenyon, L. Hartmann, and R. Hewett, Astrophys. J. 325, 231 (1988).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Petrov, P.P. T Tauri Stars. Astrophysics 46, 506–529 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1023/B:ASYS.0000003267.35552.f7

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:ASYS.0000003267.35552.f7

Navigation