Abstract
A prompt increase of solar protons shortly after a flare has been thought to originate in the flare itself. We give new evidence for the shock-wave acceleration of these prompt protons that is called `solar component' in a gradual-type event. In this study, a recompiled data set of gradual particle events is evaluated, in order to test proportionality between the numbers of interplanetary protons and γ-ray fluencies of the parent flares. The result does show some proportionality only in western-hemisphere events despite a small sample of events. For eastern hemisphere events, on the other hand, no prompt protons are observed in spite of large prompt relativistic-electron fluxes. It is suggested from these observational facts that prompt protons in gradual events originate in shock waves driven by CMEs very close to the Sun and that the flare-origin hypothesis seems implausible.
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Ohki, K. Origin of Large Solar Proton Events. Solar Physics 213, 111–120 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023220107429
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023220107429