This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
REFERENCES
Albertazzi, L.: 1999a, ‘The Time of Presentness. A Chapter in Positivistic and Descriptive Psychology’, Axiomathes 10(10–3), pp. 49–73.
Albertazzi, L.: 1999b, ‘Form Metaphysics’, in L. Albertazzi (ed.), Shapes of Forms. From Gestalt Psychology to Phenomenology to Ontology and Mathematics, Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp. 257–305.
Albertazzi, L.: 2001, ‘The Primitives of Presentation. Parts, Wholes, and Psychophysics’, in L. Albertazzi (ed.), The Dawn of Cognitive Science. Early European Contributors, Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp. 29–60.
Andersen, P. B., C. Emmeche, N. O. Finnemann, and P. V. Christiansen (eds.), Downward Causation. Minds, Bodies and Matter, Aarhus University Press, Aarhus.
von Bertalanffy, L.: 1968, General Systems Theory, G. Braziller, New York.
Bickhard, M. H. and L. Terveen: 1995, Foundational Issues in Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Science. Impasse and Solution, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Blitz, D.: 1992, Emergent Evolution, Kluwer, Dordrecht.
Campbell, D. T.: 1974, ‘Downward Causation in Hierarchically Organised Biological Systems’, in F. J. Ayala and T. Dobzhansky (eds.), Studies in the Philosophy of Biology, Macmillan, London, pp. 179–186.
Campbell, D. T.: 1990, ‘Levels of Organization, Downward Causation, and the Selection-Theory Approach to Evolutionary Epistemology’, in G. Greenberg and E. Tobach (eds.), Theories of the Evolution of Knowing, Erlbaum, pp. 1–17.
Cikovacki, Predrag: 2001, ‘New Ways of Ontology-TheWay of Interaction’, this volume.
Eldredge, N. and M. Grene: 1992, Interactions. The Biological Context of Social Systems, Columbia University Press, New York.
Hartmann, N.: 1942, The New Ways of Ontology, Chicago ('Neue Wege der Ontologie’, in Systematische Philosophie, pp. 199–311.
Johansson, I.: 1989, Ontological Investigations, Routledge, London.
Johansson, I.: 2001, ‘Hartmann's Nonreductive Materialism, Superimposition and Supervenience’, this volume.
Lorenz, K.: 1978, Behind the Mirror: A Search for a Natural History of Human Knowledge, New York, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Luhmann, N.: 1995, Social Systems, Stanford, Stanford University Press.
Margulis, L. and K. V. Schwartz: 1998, Five Kingdoms. An Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth, 3rd edn, Freeman and Co., New York.
Miller, J. G.: 1978, Living Systems, McGraw-Hill, New York.
Miller, J. L. and J. G. Miller: 1992, ‘Greater Than the Sum of Its Parts I. Subsystems Which Process Both Matter-energy and Information’, Behavioral Science 37, pp. 1–38.
Pattee, H. H.: 1973, Hierarchy Theory, New York, Braziller.
Peruzzi, A.: 2002, ‘Hartmann's Stratified Reality’, this volume.
Poli, R.: 1996, ‘Ontology for Knowledge Organization’, in R. Green (ed.), Knowledge Organization and Change, Indeks, Frankfurt, pp. 313–319.
Poli, R.: 1998, ‘Levels’, Axiomathes 9(1–2), pp. 197–211.
Poli, R.: 1999, ‘Framing Ontology’, (http://www.formalontology.it).
Poli, R.: 2001a, ALWIS. Ontology for Knowledge Engineers, PhD Thesis, Utrecht.
Poli, R.: 2001b, ‘Foreword’, Axiomathes 12(1), pp. 5–9.
Poli, R.: 2002, ‘Descriptive, Formal, and Formalized Ontologies’, in D. Fisette (ed.), Edmund Husserl's Logical Investigations 1901–2001: Origins and Posterity of Phenomenology(forthcoming).
Rummel, R. J.: 1975–1981, Understanding Conflict and War, J. Wiley and Sons, NY (vol. 1, The Dynamic Psychological Field (1975); vol. 2, The Conflict Helix (1976); vol. 3, Conflict in Perspective (1977); vol. 4, War, Power, Peace (1979), vol. 5, The Just Peace (1981)).
Smith, B. C.: 1996, On the Origin of Objects, MIT Press, Cambridge (MA).
Werkmeister, W. H.: 1990, Nicolai Hartmann's New Ontology, The Florida State University Press, Tallahassee.
Wildgen, W.: 2001, ‘Natural Ontologies and Semantic Roles in Sentences’, this volume.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Poli, R. The Basic Problem of the Theory of Levels of Reality. Axiomathes 12, 261–283 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015845217681
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015845217681