Abstract
Grain protein concentration (GPC) of hexaploid wheat is one of the important factors that determines the end-product quality, as well as playing a pivotal role in human nutrition. In an attempt to identify PCR-based DNA markers linked to GPC, 106 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) were developed from a cross between two wheat cultivars PH132 and WL711, which differ significantly in GPC, by the single seed descent method. The RILs were phenotyped for GPC at two diverse agroclimatic locations, namely Pune and Ludhiana, to study the influence of genotype and environment interactions on this trait. The parents were screened with 85 inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) primers and 350 random primers. The selective genotyping and whole population analysis revealed nine DNA markers associated with the trait. Three markers (UBC8441100, UBC8801100, and OPA4800) were observed to be associated with the trait in both locations, whereas two markers (OPH41400 and UBC873750) were found to be specific to Pune, and four markers (OPM5870, OPO10870, OPV141200, and UBC8251000) were specific to Ludhiana. Together five markers at the Pune location representing five QTLs and seven markers at Ludhiana representing four QTLs accounted for 13.4 and 13.5% of total phenotypic variation, respectively. This study clearly demonstrates that GPC is highly influenced by the environment, and the applicability of ISSR and RAPD markers in finding regions on chromosomes associated with quantitative characters in wheat such as GPC.
Similar content being viewed by others
REFERENCES
AACC (1983). Approved Methods, 8th edn. American Association of Cereal Chemistry, St. Paul, MN.
Akagi, H., Yokozoki, Y., Inagaki, A., Nakamura, A., and Fugimura, T. (1996). A codominant DNA marker closely linked to the rice nuclear restorer gene, Rf-1, identified with inter simple sequence repeat. Genome 39:1205-1209.
Ammiraju, J. S. S., Dholakia, B. B., Santra, D. K., Singh, H., Lagu, M. D., Tamhankar, S. A., Dhaliwal, H. S., Rao, V. S., Gupta, V. S., and Ranjekar, P. K. (2001). Identification of inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers associated with seed size in wheat. Theor: Appl. Genet. 102:726-732.
Austin, D. F., and Lee, M. (1998). Determination of quantitative trait loci for grain yield and yield components in maize across generations in stress and non stress environments. Crop Sci. 38:1296-1308.
Barneix, A. J., Fatta, N., Kade, M., Pfluger, L., and Suarez, E. Y. (1998). Effect of wheat chromosome 7BS on grain protein concentration. Cereal Res. Commun. 26:101-106.
Bhatt, G. M., and Derera, N. F. (1975). Genotype × environment interactions for heritabilities and correlations among quality traits in wheat. Euphytica 24:597-604.
Blanco, A., Giovanni, de C., Laddomada, B., Sciancalepore, A., Simeone, R., Devos, K. M., and Gale, M. D. (1996). Quantitative trait loci influencing grain protein content in tetraploid wheat. Plant Breed. 115:310-316.
Campbell, K. G., Bergman, C. J., Gaulberto, D. G., Anderson, J. A., Giroux, M. J., Hareland, G., Gulcher, R. G., Sorrells, M. E., and Finney, P. L. (1999). Quantitative trait associated with kernel traits in a soft × hard wheat cross. Crop Sci. 39:1184-1195.
Cox, M. C., Qualset, C. O., and Rains, D. W. (1985). Genetic variation for nitrogen assimilation and translocation in wheat. II. Nitrogen assimilation in relation to grain yield and protein. Crop Sci. 25:430-435.
Darvasi, M., and Soller, M. (1992). Selective genotyping for determination of linkage between a marker locus and a quantitative trait locus. Theor: Appl. Genet. 85:357-359.
Day, G. E., Paulsen, G. N., and Sears, R. G. (1985). Nitrogen relations in winter wheat cultivars differing in grain protein percentage and structure. J. Plant Nutr. 8:555-566.
Dhaliwal, L. S., Harjit, S., Nanda, G. S., and Dhaliwal, H. S. (1994). Inheritance of grain protein content in two high protein lines of wheat. Rachis 13:34-37.
Diehl, A. L., Johnson, V. A., and Mattern, P. J. (1978). Inheritance of protein and lysine in three wheat crosses. Crop Sci. 17:391-395.
Dong, H., Cox, T. S., Sears, R. G., and Lookhart, G. L. (1991). High molecular weight glutenin genes: Effect on quality in wheat. Crop Sci. 31:974-979.
Goldman, I. L., Rocheford, T. R., and Dudley, J. W. (1993). Quantitative trait loci influencing protein and starch concentration in the Illinois term selection maize strains. Theor: Appl. Genet. 87:217-224.
Gonzalez-Hernandez, J. L., Kianian, S., and Elias, E. M. (1998). Grain protein content and 1000-kernel weight QTL mapping on chromosome 5B of Triticum dicoccoides. In Slinkard AE (ed.), Proceedings of the Ninth International Wheat Genetic Symposium, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, Aug. 2–7, 1998, pp. 47-49.
Halloran, G. M. (1975). Genetic analysis of grain protein percentage in wheat. Theor: Appl. Genet. 46:79-86.
Johnson, V. A., and Mattern, P. J. (1987). Wheat, Rye and triticale. In Heine EG (ed.), Nutritional Quality of Cereal Grains: Genetic and Agronomic Improvement, ASA-CSSA-SSSA, Madison, WI. Agronomy Monograph, Vol. 28, pp. 133-182.
Joppa, L. R., and Cantrell, R. G. (1990). Chromosomal location of genes for grain protein content of wild tetraploid wheat. Crop Sci. 30:1059-1064.
Joppa, L. R., Changheng, D., Hart, G. E., and Hareland, G. A. (1997). Mapping gene(s) for grain protein in tetraploid wheat (Triticum turgidum L.) using a population of recombinant inbred chromosome lines. Crop. Sci. 37:1586-1589.
Kojima, T., Nagaoka, T., Noda, K., and Ogihara, Y. (1998). Genetic linkage map of ISSR and RAPD markers in Einkorn wheat in relation to that of RELP markers. Theor: Appl. Genet. 96:37-45.
Konzak, C. F. (1977). Genetic control of the content aminoacid composition and processing properties of proteins in wheat. Adv. Genet. 19:407-582.
Kuspira, J., and Unrau, J. (1957). Genetic analysis of certain characters in common wheat using whole chromosome substitution lines. Can. J. Plant Sci. 37:300-326.
Lande, R., and Thompson, R. (1990). Efficiency of marker assisted selection in the improvement of quantitative traits. Genetics 124:743-756.
Lander, E. S., and Botstein, D. (1989). Mapping mendelian factors underlying quantitative traits using RFLP linkage maps. Genetics 121:185-199.
Lander, E. S., Green, P., Abrahamson, J., Barlow, A., Day, M. J., Lincoln, S. E., and Newburg, L. (1987). MAPMAKER: An interacive computer package for constructing primary genetic linkage maps of experimental and natural populations. Genomics 1:174-181.
Leavy, A. A., Zaccai, M., Millet, E., and Feldman, M. (1988). Utilization of wild emmer for the improvement of grain protein percentage of cultivated wheat. In Miller, T. E., and Koebner, R. M. (eds.), Proceedings of the Seventh Wheat Genetics Symposium, Cambridge July 13–19, 1988, Institute of Plant Science Research Cambridge Lab, Cambridge, England, pp. 969-974.
Lee, S. H., Bailey, M. A., Mian, M. A. R., Carter, T. E. Jr., Shipe, E. R., Ashley, D. A., Parrott, W. A., Hussey, R. S., and Boerma, H. R. (1996). RFLP loci associated with soybean seed protein and oil content across populations and locations. Theor: Appl. Genet. 93:649-657.
Lee, S. J., and Penner, G. A. (1997). The conversion of RFLP markers to allele specific amplicons linked to QTLs governing malting quality in barley. Mol. Breed. 3:457-462.
Lu, C., Shen, L., Tan, Z., Xu, Y., He, P., Chen, Y., and Zhu, L. (1997). Comparative mapping of QTLs for agronomic traits of rice across environments by using a doubled-haploid population. Theor: Appl. Genet. 94:145-150.
Martin, G. B., Williams, J. G. K., and Tanksley, S. D. (1991). Rapid identification of markers linked to a pseudomonas resistance gene in tomato by using random primers and near isogenic lines. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 88:2336-2340.
Mesfin, A., Frohberg, R. C., Khan, K., and Olson, T. C. (2000). Increased grain protein content and its association with agronomic and end-use quality in two hard red spring wheat populations derived from Triticum turgidum L. var. dicoccoides. Euphytica 116:237-242.
Moretzson, M. C., Nunes, C. D. M., Ferreira, M. E., and Grattapaglia, D. (2000). RAPD linkage mapping of the shell thickness locus in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) Theor: Appl. Genet. 100:63-70.
Morris, R., Mattern, P. J., Schmidt, J. W., and Johnson, V. A. (1978). Studies on protein, lysine and leaf rust resistance in the wheat cultivar “Atlas 66” using chromosome substitutions. In Ramanujan, S. (ed.), Proceedings of the Fifth International Wheat Genetic Symposium, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, pp. 447-454.
Mulitze, D. K. (1998). Analysis of wheat breeding data using AGROBASE™ 98 for windows. In Slinkard, A. E. (ed.), Proceedings of the Ninth International Wheat Genetic Symposium, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, Aug. 2–7, 1998, pp. 295-297.
Muller, M., Muth, J. R., Gallansci, P., Knudsen, S., Maddalow, M., Motto, M., Schmitz, D., Sorenson, M. B., Salamani, F., Wettstein, D., and Thompson, R. D. (1995). Regulation of storage protein synthesis in cereal seeds: Developmental and nutritional aspects. J. Plant Physiol. 145:606-613.
Nagaoka, T., and Ogihara, Y. (1997). Applicability of inter-simple sequence repeat polymorphism in wheat for use as DNA markers in comparison to RFLP and RAPD markers. Theor: Appl. Genet. 94:597-602.
Naik, S., Gill, K. S., Rao, V. S., Gupta, V. S., Tamhankar, S. A., Pujar, S., Gill, B. S., and Ranjekar, P. K. (1998). Identification of STS marker linked to the Aegilops speltoides-derived leaf rust resistance gene Lr 28 in wheat. Theor. Appl. Genet. 97:535-540.
Nelson, J. C. (1997). QGENE: Software for marker based genomic analysis and breeding. Mol. Breed. 3:359-366.
Paterson, A. H., Damon, S., Hewitt, J. D., Zamir, D., Robinowitch, H. D., Lincoln, S. E., Lander, E. S., and Tanksley, S. D. (1991). Mendelian factors underlying quantitative traits in tomato: Comparison across species generations and environments. Genetics 127:181-197.
Penner, G. A., Clarke, J., Bezte, L. J., and Leisle, D. (1995). Identification of RAPD markers linked to a gene governing cadmium uptake in durum wheat. Genome 38:543-547.
Prasad, M., Varshney, R. K., Kumar, A., Balyan, H. S., Sharma, P. C., Edvard, K. J., Singh, H., Dhaliwal, H. S., Roy, J. K., and Gupta, P. K. (1999). A microsetellite marker associated with a QTL for GPC on chromosome arm 2DL of bread wheat. Theor. Appl. Genet. 99:341-345.
Pujar, S., Tamhankar, S. A., Rao, V. S., Gupta, V. S., Naik, S., and Ranjekar, P. K. (1999). Arbitrarily primed-PCR based diversity assessment reflects hierarchical groupings of Indian tetraploid wheat genotypes. Theor. Appl. Genet. 99:868-876.
Rantanparkhe, M. B., Santra, D. K., Tullu, A., and Muehlbauer, F. J. (1998). Inherince of inter-simple-sequence-repeat polymorphism and linkage with a fusarium wilt resistance gene in chickpea. Theor. Appl. Genet. 96:348-353.
Rogers, S. O., and Bendich, A. J. (1988). Extraction of DNA from plant tissue. In Gelvin S. B., Shilperoort, R. A. (eds.). Plant Molecular Biology Manual, Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, pp. 1-10.
Sears, E. R. (1996). Nullisomic-tetrasomic combinations in hexaploid wheat. In Riley, R., and Lewis, E. R. (ed.), Chromosome Manipulation and Plant Genetics, Oliver and Boyd, Edinburg, pp. 29-45.
Sears, E. R., and Sears, L. M. S. (1978). The telocentric chromosomes of common wheat. In Ramanujan, S. (ed.), Fifth International Wheat Genetic Symposium, New Delhi, India Feb. 23–28, 1978, Indian Society of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi. pp. 389-4070.
Sourdille, P., Perretarrt, M. R., Charmet, G., Leroy, P., Gantier, M. F., Joudier, P., Nelson, J. C., Sorrells, M. E., and Bernard, M. (1996). Linkage between RFLP markers and genes affecting kernel hardness in wheat. Theor. Appl. Genet. 93:580-586.
Stein, I. S., Sears, R. G., Gill, B. S., Hoseney, R. C., and Cox T. S. (1992). Heterogeneity of the “Wichita” wheat monosomic set for grain quality and agronomic traits. Crop Sci. 32:581-584.
Stuber, C. W., Edwards, M. D., and Wendel, J. F. (1987). Molecular marker facilitated investigation of quantitative trait loci in maize. II Factors influencing yield and its component traits. Crop Sci. 27:639-648.
Tan, Y. F., Li, J. X., Yu, S. B., Xing, Y. Z., Xu, C. G., and Zhang, Q. (1999). The three important traits for cooking and eating quality of rice grains are controlled by a single locus in an elite rice hybrid, Shanyou 63. Theor. Appl. Genet. 99:642-648.
Udall, J. A., Souza, E., Anderson, J., Sorrells, M. E., and Zemetra, R. S. (1999). Quantitative traits loci for flour viscosity in winter wheat. Crop Sci. 39:238-242.
Zietkiewicz, E., Rafalski, A., and Labuda, D. (1994). Genome fingerprinting by simple sequence repeat (SSR)-anchored polymerase chain reaction amplification. Genomics 20:176-183.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Dholakia, B.B., Ammiraju, J.S.S., Santra, D.K. et al. Molecular Marker Analysis of Protein Content Using PCR-Based Markers in Wheat. Biochem Genet 39, 325–338 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012256813965
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012256813965