Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

An Event-Related fMRI Study of Syntactic and Semantic Violations

  • Published:
Journal of Psycholinguistic Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

We used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to identify brain regions involved in syntactic and semantic processing. Healthy adult males read well-formed sentences randomly intermixed with sentences which either contained violations of syntactic structure or were semantically implausible. Reading anomalous sentences, as compared to well-formed sentences, yielded distinct patterns of activation for the two violation types. Syntactic violations elicited significantly greater activation than semantic violations primarily in superior frontal cortex. Semantically incongruent sentences elicited greater activation than syntactic violations in the left hippocampal and parahippocampal gyri, the angular gyri bilaterally, the right middle temporal gyrus, and the left inferior frontal sulcus. These results demonstrate that syntactic and semantic processing result in nonidentical patterns of activation, including greater frontal engagement during syntactic processing and larger increases in temporal and temporo-parietal regions during semantic analyses.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

REFERENCES

  • Bader, M. (1998). Prosodic influences on reading syntactically ambiguous sentences. In J. D. Fodor, & F. Ferriera (Eds.), Reanalysis in sentence processing, (pp. 1–46). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bavelier, D., Corina, D., Jezzard, P., Padmanabhan, S., Clark, V. P., Karni, A., Prinster, A., Braun, A., Lalwani, A., Rauschecker, J. P., Turner, R., & Neville, H. (1997). Sentence reading: A functional MRI study at 4 Tesla. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,9, 664–686.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boynton, G. M., Engel, S. A., Glover, G. H., & Heeger, D. J. (1996). Linear systems analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging in human V1. Journal of Neuroscience, 16, 4207–4221.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Binder, J. R., Swanson, S. J., Hammeke, T. A., Morris, G. L., et al. (1996). Determination of language dominance using functional MRI: A comparison with the Wada test. Neurology, 46,978–984.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brewer, J. B., Zhao, Z., Desmond, J. E., Glover, G. H., & Gabrieli, J. D. (1998). Making memories: Brain activity that predicts how well visual experience will be remembered. Science, 281, 1185–1187.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buckner, R. L., Bandettini, P. A., O'Craven, K. M., Savoy, R. L., Petersen, S. E., Raichle, M. E., & Rosen, B. R. (1996). Detection of cortical activation during averaged single trials of a cognitive task using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,93, 14878–14883.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buckner, R. L., & Koutstaal, W. (1998). Functional neuroimaging studies of encoding, priming, and explicit memory retrieval. Proceedings of the National Academy, 95, 891.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caplan, D., Alpert, N., & Waters, G. (1998). Effects of syntactic structure and propositional number on patterns of regional cerebral blood flow. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 10, 541–552.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Caramazza, A., Berndt, R. S., Basili, A. G., & Koller, J. J. (1981). Syntactic processing deficits in aphasia. Cortex, 17, 333–348.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chomsky, N. (1965). Aspects of the theory of syntax. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, N. J., & Squire, L. R. (1980). Preserved learning and retention of pattern-analyzing skill in amnesia: dissociation of knowing how and knowing what. Science, 210, 207–210.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coulson, S., King, J. W., & Kutas, M. (1998). Expect the unexpected: Event-related brain response to morphosyntactic violations. Language & Cognitive Processes, 13, 21–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Courtney, S. M., Petit, L., Maisog, J. M., Ungerleider, L. G., & Haxby, J. V. (1998). An area specialized for spatial working memory in human frontal cortex. Science,279, 1347–1351.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cox, R. W. (1996). AFNI: Software for analysis and visualization of functional magnetic resonance neuroimages. Computers and Biomedical Research,29, 162–173.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cox, R. W., & Hyde, J. S. (1997). Software tools for analysis and visualization of fMRI data. NMR in Biomedicine, 10, 171–178.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dale, A. M., & Buckner, R. L. (1997). Selective averaging of rapidly presented individual trials using fMRI. Human Brain Mapping, 5, 329–340.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dale, A. M., & Sereno, M. I. (1993). Improved localization of cortical activity by combining EEG and MEG with MRI cortical surface reconstruction: A linear approach. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 5(2), 162–176.

    Google Scholar 

  • Damasio, A. R. (1992). Aphasia. New England Journal of Medicine, 326, 531–539.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Damasio, A. R., & Damasio, H. (1992). Brain and language. Scientific American, 267, 88–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dehaene, S., Dupoux, E., Mehler, J., Cohen, L., Paulesu, E., Perani, D., van de Moortele, P.-F., Lehericy, S., & Le Bihan, D. (1997). Anatomical variability in the cortical representation of first and second language. Neuroreport,8, 3809–3815.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Demb, J. B., Desmond, J. E., Wagner, A. D., Vaidya, C. J., Glover, G. H., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (1995). Semantic encoding and retrieval in the left inferior prefrontal cortex: A functional MRI study of task difficulty and process specificity. Journal of Neuroscience, 15, 5870–5878.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Demonet, J.-F., Chollet, F., Ramsay, S., Cardbat, D., Nespoulous, J.-L., Wise R., & Rascol, A. (1992). The anatomy of phonological and semantic processing in normal subjects. Brain, 115, 1753–1768.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dolan, R. J., & Fletcher, P. F. (1999). Encoding and retrieval in human medial temporal lobes: An empirical investigation using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Hippocampus, 9, 25–34.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Embick, D., Marantz, A., Miyashita, Y., O'Neil, W., & Sakai, K. L. (2000). A syntactic specialization for Broca's area. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 97, 6150–6154.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fodor, J. D. (1989). Empty categories in sentence processing. Language and Cognitive Processes, 4, 155–209.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friederici, A. D. (1995). The time course of syntactic activation during language processing: A model based on neuropsychological and neurophysiological data. Brain & Language, 50, 259–281.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friederici, A. D. (1996). Diagnosis and reanalysis: Two processing aspects the brain may differentiate. In J. Fodor, & F. Ferreira, (Eds.), Reanalysis in sentence processing. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friederici, A. D., & Frisch, S. (2000). Verb argument structure processing: The role of verbspecific and argument-specific information. Journal of Memory and Language, 43, 476–507.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friederici, A. D., Hahne, A., & von Cramon, D. Y. (1998). First-pass versus second-pass parsing processes in a Wernicke's and a Broca's aphasic: Electrophysiological evidence for a double dissociation. Brain & Language,62, 311–341.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friederici, A. D., von Cramon, D. Y., & Kotz, S. A. (1999). Language related brain potentials in patients with cortical and subcortical left hemisphere lesions. Brain, 122, 1033–1047.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Friederici, A. D., Wang, Y., Herrmann, C. S., Maess, B., & Oertel, U. (2000). Localization of early syntactic processes in frontal & temporal cortical areas: A magnetoencephalographic study. Human Brain Mapping, 11, 1–11.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gabrieli, J. D., Corkin, S., Mickel, S. F., & Growdon, J. H. (1993). Intact acquisition and long-term retention of mirror-tracing skill in Alzheimer's disease and in global amnesia. Behavioral Neuroscience, 107, 899–910.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, E. (1998). Linguistic complexity: Locality of syntactic dependencies. Cognition, 68, 1–76.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goodgalss, H. (1993). Understanding aphasia. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grabowski, T., Damasio, H., & Damasio, A. R. (1998). Premotor and prefrontal correlates of category-related lexical retrieval. Neuroimage, 7, 232–243.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Graybiel, A. M. (1995). Building action repertoires: Memory and learning functions of the basal ganglia. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 5, 733–741.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grimshaw, J. (1979). Complement selection and the lexicon. Linguistic Inquiry, 10, 279–326.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hagoort, P. (1999). The cognitive architecture of parsing: Evidence from event related brain potentials. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,Supplement, p. 9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hagoort, P., & Brown, C. M. (1999). The implications of the temporal interaction between syntactic and semantic processes for hemodynamic studies of language. Paper presented at the MGH Visiting Fellowship Program in functional MRI,November 1999.

  • Hagoort, P., Brown, C., & Groothusen, J. (1993). The syntactic positive shift (SPS) as an ERP measure of syntactic processing. Language & Cognitive Processes,8, 439–483.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hahne, A., & Friederici, A. D. (1999). Electrophysiological evidence for two steps in syntactic analysis: Early automatic and late controlled processes. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 2, 194–205.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heindel, W. C., Salmon, D. P., Shults, C. W., Walicke, P. A., & Butters, N. (1989). Neuropsychological evidence for multiple implicit memory systems: a comparison of Alzheimer's, Huntington's, and Parkinson's disease patients. Journal of Neuroscience, 9, 582–587.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hickok, G., Love, T., Swinney, D., Wong, E., & Buxton, R. B. (1997). Functional MR imaging during auditory word presentation: A single-trial presentation paradigm. Brain & Language, 58, 197–201.

    Google Scholar 

  • Izvorski, R., & Ullman, M. T. (1999). Verb inflection and the hierarchy of functional categories in agrammatic anterior aphasia. Brain & Language, 69, 288–291.

    Google Scholar 

  • Izvorski, R., & Ullman, M. T. (2000). Syntactic structure building and the processing of inflection in aphasia. Paper presented at the 13th Annual CUNY Conference on Human Sentence Processing, San Diego.

  • Josephs, O., Turner, R., & Friston, K. (1997). Event-related fMRI. Human Brain Mapping, 5, 1–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Just, M. A., Carpenter, P. A., Keller, T. A., Eddy, W. F., & Thulborn, K. R. (1996). Brain activation modulated by sentence comprehension. Science, 274, 114–116.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaan, E., Harris, A., Gibson, E., & Holcomb, P. (2000). The P600 as an index of syntactic integration difficulty. Language and Cognitive Processes, 15, 159–201.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kiehl, K. A., Laurens, K. R., & Liddle, P. F. (1999). Reading anomalous sentences: An eventrelated fMRI study od semantic processing. Proceedings of the Cognitive Neuroscience Society 6th Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C., April 1999.

  • Kucera, H., & Francis, W. N. (1967). Computational analysis of present-day American English.Providence, RI: Brown University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuperberg, G. E., McGuire, P. K., Bullmore, E. T., Brammer, M. J., Rabe-Hesketh, S., Wright, I. C., Lythogoe, D. J., Williams, S. C. R., & David, A. S. (2000). Common and distinct neural substrates for pragmatic, semantic, and syntactic processing of spoken sentences: An fMRI study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 12, 321–341.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kutas, M., & Hillyard, S. A. (1980). Event-related brain potentials to semantically inappropriate and surprisingly large words. Biological Psychology, 11, 9–116.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kutas, M., & Hillyard, S. A. (1984). Brain potentials during reading reflect word expectancy and semantic association. Nature (London), 307, 161–163.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lepage, M., Habib, R., & Tulving, E. (1998). Hippocampal PET activations of memory encoding and retreival: the HIPER model. Hippocampus, 8, 313–322.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, A. (1999). Automatic activation of the medial temporal lobe during encoding: Lateralized influences of meaning and novelty. Hippocampus,9, 62–70.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mazoyer, B. M., Tzourio, N., Frak, V., Syrota, A., Murayama, O., Levrier, O., Salamon, G., Dehaene, S., Cohen, L., & Mehler, J. (1993). The cortical representation of speech. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 5, 467–479.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCarthy, G., Luby, M., Gore, J., & Goldman-Rakic, P. (1997). Infrequent events transiently activate human prefrontal and parietal cortex as measured by functional MRI. Journal of Neurophysiology,77, 1630–1634.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCarthy, G., Nobre, A. C., Bentin, S., & Spencer, D. D. (1995). Language-related field potentials in the anterior medial temporal lobe: I. Intracranial distribution and neural generators. Journal of Neuroscience, 15, 1080–1089.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Menon, R. S., Luknowsky, D. C., & Gati, J. S. (1998). Mental chronometry using latencyresolved functional MRI. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 95, 10902–10907.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Menon, R. S., & Kim, S.-G. (1999). Spatial and temporal limits in cognitive neuroimaging with fMRI. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 3, 207–216.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, M., Friederici, A. D., & von Cramon, D. Y. (2000). Neurocognition of auditory sentence comprehension: Event related fMRI reveals sensitivity to syntactic violations and task demands. Cognitive Brain Research,9, 19–33.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Neter, J., Wasserman, W., & Kutner, M. H. (1985). Applied linear statistics models, 2nd ed. Homewood, IL: Irwin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neville, H. J., Nicol, J. L., Barss, A., Forster, K. I., & Garrett, M. (1991). Syntactically based sentence processing classes: Evidence from event-related brain potentials. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,3, 151–165.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newman, A. J., Izvorski, R., Davis, L., Ullman, M. T., & Neville, H. J. (1999). Neural pro-cessing of inflectional morphology: An event-related potential study of English past tense. Poster presented at the 6th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Neuroscience Society, Washington, DC.

  • Ni, W., Constable, R. T., Menci, W. E., Pugh, K. R., Fulbright, R. K., Shaywitz, S. E., Shaywitz, B. A., Gore, J. C., & Shankweiler, D. (2000). An event-related neuroimaging study distinguishing form and content in sentence processing. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 12, 120–133.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nobre, A. C., & McCarthy, G. (1995). Language-related field potentials in the anterior-medial temporal lobe: II. Effects of word type and semantic priming. Journal of Neuroscience, 15, 1190–1098.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nyberg,, L., Cabeza, R., & Tulving, E. (1996). PET studies of encoding and retrieval: The HERA model. Psychonomic Review Bulletin, 3, 135–148.

    Google Scholar 

  • Okada, Y. (1983). Neurogenesis of evoked magnetic fields. In S. J. Williamson, G. L. Romani, L. Kaufman, & I. Midena (Eds.). Biomagnetism, an Interdisciplinary Approach (pp. 399–408). New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Osterhout, L., Holcomb, P. J. (1992). Event-related brain potentials elicited by syntactic anomaly. Journal of Memory & Language, 31, 785–806.

    Google Scholar 

  • Osterhout, L., Holcomb, P., & Swinney, D. (1994). Brain potentials elicited by garden-path sentences: Evidence of the application of verb information during parsing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory & Cognition, 20(4), 786–803.

    Google Scholar 

  • Osterhout, L., McKinnon, R., Bersick, M., & Corey, V. (1996). On the language specificity of the brain response to syntactic anomalies: Is the syntactic positive shift a member of the P300 family? Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,8, 507–526.

    Google Scholar 

  • Osterhout, L., & Nicol, J. (1999). On the distinctiveness, independence, and time course of the brain responses to syntactic and semantic anomalies. Language and Cognitive Processes, 14, 283–317.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patel, A. D., Gibson, E., Ratner, J., Besson, M., & Holcomb, P. (1998). Processing syntactic relations in language and music: An event-related potential study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 10, 717–733.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pesetsky, D. (1982). Doctoral Dissertation, MIT, Cambridge, MA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, J. W., Leahy, R. M., & Mosher, J. C. (1997). The MEG-based imaging of focal neuronal current sources. IEEE Transactions in Medical Imaging, 16(3), 338–348.

    Google Scholar 

  • Posner, M. I. (1986). I. Overview. In K. R. Boff, & L. Kaufman, et al. (Eds.), Handbook of perception and human performance, Vol.2: Cognitive processes and performance. (pp. 3–10). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Price, C. J., Moore, C. J., Humphreys, G. W., Wise, R. J. S. (1997). Segregating semantic from phonological processes during reading. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 9(6), 727–733.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richter, W., Ugurbil, K., Georgopoulos, A. P., & Kim, S. G. (1997). Time-resolved fMRI of mental rotation. Neuroreport,8, 3697–3702.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Richter, W., Somorjai, R., Summers, R., Jarmasz, M., Menon, R. S., Gati, J. S., Georgopoulos, A. P., Tegeler, C., Ugurbil, K., & Kim, S. G. (2000). Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 12, 310–320.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rencher, A. C. (1995). Methods of multivariate analysis. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rösler, F., Friederici, A. D., Putz, P., & Hahne, A. (1993). Event-related brain potentials while encountering semantic and syntactic constraint violations. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 5, 345–362.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rugg, M. D. (1985). The effects of semantic priming and word repetition on event-related potentials. Psychophysiology, 22, 642–647.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rugg, M. D., & Coles, M. G. H. (Eds.) (1995). Electrophysiology of mind. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schacter, D. L., & Wagner, A. D. (1999). Medial temporal lobe activations in fMRI and PET studies of episodic encoding and retrieval. Hippocampus, 9,7–24.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simos, P. G., Basile, L. F. H., & Papanicolaou, A. C. (1997). Source localization of the N400 response in a sentence reading paradigm using evoked magnetic fields and magnetic resonance imaging. Brain Research, 762, 29–39.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Squire, L. R., & McKee, R. D. (1993). Declarative and nondeclarative memory in opposition: when prior events influence amnesic patients more than normal subjects. Memory & Cognition, 21, 424–430.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steinhauer, K., Alter, K., & Friederici, A. D. (1999). Brain potentials indicate immediate use of prosodic cues in natural speech processing. Nature Neuroscience, 2, 191–196.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Steinhauer, K., & Friederici, A. D. (2001). Prosodic boundaries, comma rules, and brain responses: The Closure Positive Shift in the ERPs as a universal marker for prosodic phrasing in listeners and readers. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 30, 265–293.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stromswold, K., Caplan, D., Alpert, N., & Rauch, S. (1996). Localization of syntactic comprehension by positron emission tomography. Brain & Language, 52, 452–473.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tulving, E., Habib, R., Nyberg, L., Lepage, M., & McIntosh, A. R. (1999). Positron emission tomography correlations in and beyond the medial temporal lobe. Hippocampus, 9,71–82.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tyler, L. K., Ostrin, R. K., Cooke, M., & Moss, H. E. (1995). Automatic access of lexical information in Broca's aphasics: Against the automatically hypothesis. Brain & Language, 48, 131–162.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ullman, M. T. (2001). “The Declarative/Procedural Model of Language,” Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 30, 37–69.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ullman, M., Corkin, S., Coppola, M., Hickok, G., Growdon, J. H., Koroshetz, W. J., & Pinker, S. (1997). A neural dissociation within language: Lexicon, a part of declarative memory, grammar processed by procedural system. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 9, 289–299.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ullman, M. T., Newman, A., Izvorski, R., & Neville, H. (2000). Electrophysiological correlates of lexicon and grammar: Evidence from inflectional morphology. Paper presented at the 13th Annual CUNY Conference on Human Sentence Processing, San Diego.

  • Ullman, M. T., Izvorski, R., Love, T., Yee, E., Swinney, D., & Hickok, G. (In press). Neural correlates of lexicon and grammar: Evidence from the production, reading, and judgment of inflection in aphasia. Brain & Language.

  • Ward, B. D. (2000). Deconvolution of fMRI time series data. Documentation included in the Analysis of Functional Neuroimages software package, available from htpp://varda.biophysics. mcw.edu.

  • Wagner, A. D., Schacter, D. L., Rotte, M., Koutstaal, W., Maril, A., Dale, A. M., Rosen, B. R., & Buckner, R. L. (1998). Building memories: Remembering and forgetting of verbal experiences as predicted by brain activity. Science, 281, 1188–1191.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wiggs, C. L., Weisberg, J., & Martin, A. (1999). Neural correlates of semantic and episodic memory retreival. Neuropsychologia, 37, 103–118.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Willingham, D. B. (1998). A neuropsychological theory of motor skill learning. Psychological Review, 105, 558–584.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wise, S. P., Fried, I., Olivier, A., Paus, T., Rizzolati, G., & Zilles, K. J. (1996). Workshop on the anatomic definition and boundaries of the supplementary sensorimotor area. Advances in Neurology, 70, 489–495.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Woods, R. P., Grafton, S. T., Holmes, C. J., Cherry, S. R., & Mazziotta, J. C. (1998a). Auotmated image registration: I. General methods and intersubject, intramodality validation. Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography, 22, 139–152.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Woods, R. P., Grafton, S. T., Watson,. D. G., Sicotte, N. L., & Mazziotta, J. C. (1998b). Automated image registration: II. Intersubject validation of linear and nonlinear models. Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography, 22, 153–165.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zarahn, E., Aguirre, G., & D'Esposito, M. (1997). A trial-based experimental design for fMRI. Neuroimage, 6, 122–138.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Psychology Department and Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, 97403-1227

    Aaron J. Newman & Helen J. Neville

  2. Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20007

    Roumyana Pancheva, Kaori Ozawa & Michael T. Ullman

  3. University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90089

    Roumyana Pancheva

Authors
  1. Aaron J. Newman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Roumyana Pancheva
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Kaori Ozawa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Helen J. Neville
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Michael T. Ullman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Aaron J. Newman.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Newman, A.J., Pancheva, R., Ozawa, K. et al. An Event-Related fMRI Study of Syntactic and Semantic Violations. J Psycholinguist Res 30, 339–364 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010499119393

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010499119393

Search

Navigation