Skip to main content
Log in

Harmonisation and Standardisation in Multi-National Environmental Statistics – Mission Impossible?

  • Published:
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Multi-national statistics are frequently based on data, whichoriginate from national surveys. The systems of nomenclatureapplied for key attributes often show national differences.Different error sources which are incorporated in multi-nationalstatistics are discussed. The paper presents approaches forharmonisation and standardisation of multi-nationalenvironmental statistics and gives examples from the forestrysector. The effect of differences of national forest areaestimates on multi-national figures is quantified. An examplefrom forest health surveys is presented that shows the impact ofdifferent interpretation and application of the attribute “crown transparency” that is already harmonised on theEuropean level.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Arvanitis, L. G. and O'Regan,W. G.: 1967, Computer Simulation and Economic Efficiency in Forest Sampling, Hilgardia 38 (2).

  • Bailar, B, Bailey, L. and Stevens, J.: 1977, Measures of interviewer bias and variance. Journal of Marketing Research 14, 337.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chrisman, N. R.: 1987: The accuracy of map overlays: A reassessment, Landscape and Urban Planning 14, 427.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cochran, W.: 1977, Sampling Techniques, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, 428 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cunia, T.: 1965, Some Theory on Reliability of Volume Estimates in a Forest Inventory Sample, Forest Science 11(1).

  • EAFV: 1988, Schweizerisches Landesforstinventar: Ergebnisse der Erstaufnahme 1982-1986, Eidg. Anst. Forstl. Versuchswes., Ber. 305, 375 S.

  • Effron, B.: 1979, Bootstrap methods: Another look at the jackknife, Ann. Stat. 7, 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Effron, B.: 1982, The jackknife, the bootstrap and other resampling plans, CBMS-NSF Reg. Conf. Ser. Appl. Math.

  • European Commission (EC): 1997, Study on European Forestry Information and Communication System: Report on Forest Inventory and Survey Systems, Luxembourg.

  • FAO: 1960, World Forest Inventory, Rome, Italy.

  • FAO: 1995, Forest Resources Assessment 1990-Global Synthesis. FAO Forestry Paper 124. Rome, Italy.

  • FFRI: 1996, Expert Consultation on Global Forest Resources Assessment 2000 (Kotka III), Finnish Forest Research Institute, Research Report No. 620, Helsinki, 369 p.

  • FGDC: 1995, FGDC Vegetation Classification Standards. Federal Geographic Data Committe. Reston, VA, U.S.A. (unpublished manuscript).

    Google Scholar 

  • Fuller, W. A.: 1987, Measurement Error Models, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 440 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gertner, G. Z. and Köhl, M.: 1992, An Assessment of Some Nonsampling Errors in a National Survey Using an Error Budget, Forest Science 38(3), 525.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gertner, G. Z. and Köhl, M.: 1995, Correlated Observer Errors and their Effects on Survey Estimates of Needle-Leaf Loss, Forest Science 41(4), 758.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gregoire, T. G.: 1984, The jackknife: an introduction with applications in forestry data analysis, Can. J. For. Res. 14, 493.

    Google Scholar 

  • Groves, R.: 1989, Survey Errors and Survey Costs, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, 590 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hansen, M., Hurwitz, W. and Bershad, M.: 1961, Measurement errors in censuses and surveys. Bulletin of the International Statistical Institute 38, 359.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ilvessalo, Y.: 1923, Tutkimuksia yksityismetsien tilasta Hämeen läänin keskiosissa. Referat: Untersuchungen ueber den Zustand der Privatwälder in der mittleren Teilen des Läns Tavastehus. Acta For. Fenn. 26, 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • ISCI: 1996, Background Document. Intergovernmental Seminar on Criteria and Indicators For Sustainable forest Management. August 19-22, 1996, Helsinki, Finland. Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. 131 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kapos, V. and Iremonger, S. F.: 1997, ‘Archieving Global and Regional Perspectives on Forest Biodivesity and Conservation’, in Bachmann, P., Köhl, M. and Päivinen, R. (eds.), Assessment of Forest Biodiversity for Improved Forest Planning, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 3-14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaufmann, E.: 1993, ‘Tree Volume Estimations and Sample Tree Selection in the Swiss NFI’, in Nyyssönen, A., Poso, S. and Rautala, J. (eds.), Proceedings of Ilvessalo Symposium of National Forest Inventories, Finnish Forest Research Institute, Helsinki, Research Paper 444, pp. 185-194.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kilkki, P.: 1983, Sample trees in timber volume estimation. Acta Forestalia Fennica 182, 35 p.

  • Kish, L.: 1965, Survey Sampling, J. Wiley & Sons, New York, 643 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Köhl, M.: 1993, Quantifizierung der Beobachterfehler bei der Nadel-/Blattverlustschätzung, Allgemeine Forst-und Jagdzeitung 164(5), 83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Köhl, M., Scott, C. T. and Zingg, A.: 1995, Evaluation of Permanent Sample Surveys for Growth and Yield Studies, Forest Ecology and Management 71(3), 187.

    Google Scholar 

  • Köhl, M., Päivinen, R., Traub, B. and Miina, S.: 1997, ‘Comparative Study’, in Study on European Forestry Information and Communication System: Report on Forest Inventory and Survey Systems, European Commission, Luxembourg: pp. 1267-1322.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lessler, J. and Kalsbeek, W.: 1992, Nonsampling Error in Surveys, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY., 412 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Päivinen, R.: 1987, Metsän inventoinnin suunnitelumalli. A Planning Model for Forest Inventory. University of Joensuu, Publications in Science 11, 179 p.

  • Päivinen, R. E.: 1980, Puiden läimittajakauman estimointi ja siihen perustuva puustotunnusten laskenta. Dummary: On the estimation of the stem-diameter distribution and stand characteristics. Folia For. 442, 28 p.

  • Schmid-Haas, P.: 1980, Wie kann die Effizienz der Waldinventur verbessert werden?, Eidgen. Anst. Forstl. Versuchswes., Bericht Nr. 211, Birmendsdorf

  • Schreuder, H. T., Li, H. G. and Scott, C. T.: 1987, Jackknifing and Bootstrap estimation for sampling with partial replacement, For. Sci. 33(3), 676.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schreuder, H. T., Gregoire, T. G. and Wood, G. B.: 1993, Sampling Methods for Multiresource Forest Inventory, John Wiley & Sons, 446 p.

  • Scott, C. T. and Köhl, M.: 1993, A Method for Comparing Sampling Design Alternatives for Extensive Inventories, Mitteilungen der Eidgenössischen Forschungsanstalt für Wald, Schnee und Landschaft, Birmensdorf, Band 68, Heft 1, 62 p.

  • Tomppo, E., Varjo, J., Korhonen, K., Aholam, A., Ihalainen, A., Heikkinen, J., Hirvelä, H., Mikkola, E., Salminen, S. and Tuomainen, T., 1997: ‘Country Report for Finland’, in European Commission, 1997: Study on European Forestry Information and Communication System: Report on Forest Inventory and Survey Systems, Luxembourg.

  • Traub, B., Köhl, M. and Päivinen, R.: 1997, 'simulation Study’, in European Commission: Study on European Forestry Information and Communication System: Report on Forest Inventory and Survey Systems, Luxembourg.

  • UNEP: 1995, Global Biodiversity Assessment, Cambridge University Press.

  • UNESCO: 1973, International Classification and Mapping of Vegetation. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation, Paris, France, 93 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wensel, L. and Biging, G. (eds.): 1990, Forest Simulation Systems, University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, Bulletin 1927, Berkeley, 420 p.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Michael Köhl.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Köhl, M., Traub, B. & Päivinen, R. Harmonisation and Standardisation in Multi-National Environmental Statistics – Mission Impossible?. Environ Monit Assess 63, 361–380 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006257630216

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006257630216

Navigation