Abstract
We have found that in petroleum-ether extracted tobacco thylakoids, plastoquinone A (PQ-A) and plastoquinone C (PQ-C) had similar efficiency in restoration of oxygen-evolving activity, while plastoquinone B (PQ-B), which is a fatty acid ester of PQ-C, was about 50% less effective. This indicates that apart from PQ-A, PQ-C and to a smaller extent PQ-B may function as electron acceptors of Photosystem II (PS II). The DCMU inhibition curves for PQ-C and PQ-B were biphasic and an initial slow decline was followed by a sharp decrease in oxygen evolution yield with a 50% inhibition (I50) at 0.25 μM DCMU. In the case of PQ-A (I50 = 0.20 μM DCMU), the activity decreased gradually without the sharp transition. The corresponding inhibition curve for unextracted thylakoids, where all the native prenylquinones are present, shows an intermediate shape between PQ-A and PQ-C but with a higher I50, equal to 0.32 μM, suggesting that the contribution of PQ-C as an electron acceptor of Photosystem II might be significant in thylakoid membranes with natural prenyllipid composition. α-Tocopherol quinone showed no activity in the restoration of oxygen evolution in extracted thylakoids, indicating that it cannot accept electrons from PS II. The fatty acid composition of PQ-B isolated from maple leaves showed a high degree of saturated fatty acids like myristic and palmitic acid, and its unique composition indicates that it is a natural component of the thylakoid membrane.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Barr R and Crane FL (1971) Quinones in algae and higher plants. Methods Enzymol 23A: 372–408
Barr R and Crane FL (1977) Evidence for α-tocopherol function in the electron transport chain of chloroplasts. Plant Physiol 59: 433–436
Barr R, Henninger MD and Crane FL (1967) Comparative studies on plastoquinone II. Analysis for plastoquinones A, B, C and D. Plant Physiol: 42, 1246–1254
Cox RP and Bendall DS (1974) The functions of plastoquinone and β-carotene in Photosystem II of chloroplasts. Biochim Biophys Acta 347: 49–59
Das BC, Lounasmaa M, Tendille C and Lederer E (1967) The structure of the plastoquinones B and C. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 26: 211–215
Griffiths WT, Wallwork JC and Pennock FJ (1966) Presence of a series of plastoquinones in plants. Nature 211: 1037–1039
Gruszecki WI, Strzałka K, Radunz A, Kruk J and Schmid GH (1995) Blue light-enhanced photosynthetic oxygen evolution from liposome-bound photosystem II particles; possible role of the xantophyll cycle in the regulation of cyclic electron flow around Photosystem II? Z Naturforsch 50c: 61–68
He P, Radunz A, Bader KP and Schmid GH (1996) Quantitative changes of the lipid and fatty acid composition of leaves of Aleurites montana as a consequence of growth under 700 ppm CO2 in the atmosphere. Z Naturforsch 51c: 833–840
Henninger MD and Crane FL (1966) I. A combined requirement for plastoquinones A and C for photoreduction of 2,6-dichloroindophenol. J Biol Chem 241: 5190–5196
Henninger MD and Crane FL (1967) III. The role of plastoquinone C. J Biol Chem 242: 1155–1159
Henninger MD, Barr R and Crane FL (1966) Plastoquinone B. Plant Physiol 41: 696–700
Hurt E and Hauska G (1982) Involvement of plastoquinone bound within the isolated cytochrome b6-f complex from chloroplasts in oxidant-induced reduction of cytochrome b6. Biochim Biophys Acta 682: 466–473
Karukstis K, Berliner MA, Jewell CJ and Kuwata KT (1990) Competition of anthraquinones for the QB binding domain. In: Baltscheffsky M (ed) Curr Res Photosynth, Vol 1, pp 579–582. KluwerAcademic Publishers
Koike H, Yamashita M, Kashino Y and Satoh K (1995) Mechanism of electron flow through the QB site in Photosystem II. Analysis of reaction mechanism at the QB and PQ site in Photosystem II core complexes. In: Mathis P (ed) Photosynthesis: from Light to Biosphere, Vol. 1, pp 623–626. Kluwer Academic Publishers
Kruk J (1988) Charge-transfer complexes of plastoquinone and α-tocopherol quinone in vitro. Biophys Chem 30: 143–149
Kruk J and Strzałka K (1995) The function of α-tocopherol quinone in biological systems. J Plant Physiol 145: 405–409
Kruk J and Strzałka K (1998) Identification of plastoquinone-C in spinach and maple leaves by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Phytochemistry, (in press)
Kruk J, Strzałka K and Leblanc RM (1992) Monolayer study of plastoquinones, α-tocopherolquinone, their hydroquinone forms and their interaction with monogalactosyldiacylglycerol. Biochim Biophys Acta 1112: 19–26
Kruk J, Burda K, Radunz A, Strzałka K and Schmid GH (1997) Antagonistic effects of α-tocopherol and α-tocoquinone in the regulation of cyclic electron transport around Photosystem II. Z Naturforsch 52c: 766–744
Lichtenthaler HK (1977) Regulation of prenylquinone synthesis in higher plants. In: Tevini M and Lichtenthaler HK (eds) Lipids and Lipid Polymers in Higher Plants, pp 231–258. Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York
Lichtenthaler HK and Calvin M (1964) Quinone and pigment composition of chloroplasts and quantosome aggregates from Spinacia oleracea. Biochim Biophys Acta 79: 30–40
Magree L, Henninger MD and Crane FL (1966) II. Effect of hydrocarbon solvent extraction on chloroplast membrane structure. J Biol Chem 241: 5197–5200
Michalski WP and Kaniuga Z (1981) Photosynthetic apparatus of chilling-sensitive plants. IX. The involvement of α-tocopherol in the electron transport chain and the anti-oxidizing system in chloroplasts of tomato leaves. Biochim Biophys Acta 635: 25–37
Okayama S (1983) Studies on quinones in green leaves. In: Inoue Y, Murata N, Crofts AR, Renger G, Govindjee and Satoh K (eds) The Oxygen Evolving System of Photosynthesis, pp 393–400. Academic Press, Tokyo
Okayama S (1984) Reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography of prenylquinones in green leaves using an electrochemical detector. Plant Cell Physiol 25: 1445–1449
Okayama S and Butler WL (1972) Extraction and reconstitution of Photosystem II. Plant Physiol 49: 769–774
Rich PR and Moss DA (1987) The reactions of quinones in higher plant photosynthesis. In: Barber J (ed) The Light Reactions, pp 421–445. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Robinson HH and Yocum CF (1980) Cyclic photophosphorylation reactions catalyzed by ferredoxin, methyl viologen and anthraquinone sulfonate. Biochim Biophys Acta 590: 97–106
Sadewasser DA and Dilley RA (1978) A dual requirement for plastoquinone in chloroplast electron transport. Biochim Biophys Acta 501: 208–216
Satoh K, Kitatani Y, Ichimura T and Katoh S (1990) Interactions between various benzoquinones and the QB site of oxygen evolving photosystem II preparations from the thermophilic cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus. In: Baltscheffsky M (ed) Current Research in Photosynthesis, Vol 1, pp 583–586. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands
Schmid GH and Thibault P (1979) Evidence for a rapid oxygen uptake in tobacco chloroplasts. Z Naturforsch 34c: 414–418
Sun E, Barr R and Crane FL (1968) Comparative studies on plastoquinones. IV. Plastoquinones in algae. Plant Physiol 43: 1935–1940
Tabata K, Itoh S, Yamamoto Y, Okayama S and Nishimura M (1985) Two plastoquinone A molecules are required for Photosystem II activity; analysis in hexane-extracted Photosystem II particles. Plant Cell Physiol 26: 855–863
Trebst A (1986) The topology of the plastoquinone and herbicide binding peptides of Photosystem II in the thylakoid membrane. Z Naturforsch 41c: 240–245
Wi¸eckowski S and Bojko M (1997) The NADPH-dependent electron flow in chloroplasts of the higher plants. Photosynthetica 34: 481–496
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kruk, J., Burda, K., Schmid, G.H. et al. Function of plastoquinones B and C as electron acceptors in Photosystem II and fatty acid analysis of plastoquinone B. Photosynthesis Research 58, 203–209 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006139227593
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006139227593