The Hydropericardium Syndrome and Inclusion Body Hepatitis in Domestic Fowl

Abstract

Hydropericardium syndrome, an emerging disease of poultry, has recently been detected in some countries of Asia and America, particularly in broiler birds aged 3–6 weeks. The disease is characterized by its sudden occurrence with high mortality of up to 80% in broilers and low mortality of under 10% in layers, associated with hydropericardium. Its course is of 7–15 days under natural conditions. The causative agent is probably fowl adenovirus serotype 4, belonging to group I aviadenovirus genus of the family adenoviridae, which can be cultivated in primary cell cultures of chicken kidney and embryo liver cells. The transmission of disease occurs laterally by the oral–faecal route. The livers of affected birds show necrotic foci, and basophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies fill the entire enlarged nucleus of some of the hepatocytes. The disease can be diagnosed from its gross lesions, histopathological changes in the liver and by serological tests, such as agar gel diffusion, counter immunoelectrophoresis, indirect haemagglutination and ELISA. It has been brought under control by inactivated liver organ vaccines (0.25 ml/bird) or inactivated cell culture vaccines (10^3.5 LD₅₀/bird) given by the subcutaneous route at 10–15 days of age. The vaccine is effective in the face of an outbreak and significantly reduces the mortality.