Abstract
Sensible heat, latent heat, and other scalar fluxes cannot be measuredwithin short dense canopies, e.g., straw mulches, with standard approachessuch as eddy correlation, Bowen ratio-energy balance, aerodynamic, andvariance methods. However, recently developed surface renewal models, thatare based on the fact that most of the turbulent transfer within and abovecanopies is associated with large-scale coherent eddies, which are evidentas ramp patterns in scalar time series, offer a feasible solution. Wepresent a new air renewal model that calculates sensible heat flux atdifferent heights within and above a canopy from the average cubictemperature structure function, sampled at a moderate rate, and measuredaverage friction velocity. The model is calibrated and tested with datameasured above and within a Douglas-fir forest and above a straw mulch andbare soil. We show that the model describes half-hour variations ofsensible heat flux very well, both within the canopy and roughnesssublayers and in the inertial sublayer, for stable and unstable atmosphericconditions. The combined empirical coefficient that appears in the modelhas an apparently universal value of about 0.4 for all surfaces andheights, which makes application of the model particularly simple. Themodel is used to predict daytime and nighttime sensible heat flux profileswithin the straw mulch and within a small bare opening in the mulch.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Brunet, Y. and Raupach, M. R.: 1987, 'A Simple Renewal Model for Transfer in Plant Canopies', in Flow and Transport in the Natural Environment: Advances and Application. Poster Abstracts, International Symposium, Canberra, Aug. 31-Sept. 4, P4, 2 pp.
Chen, W. J.: 1997, Turbulent Transfer and Radiation Distribution Within and Above a Straw Mulch, Ph.D. Thesis, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia.
Chen, W. J. and Novak, M. D.: 1997, 'An Improved Tension-Plate System for Measuring First-Stage Evaporation Under Straw Mulch', Agric. For. Meteorol., in press.
Chen, W. J., Novak, M. D., Black, T. A., and Lee X.: 1996, 'Coherent Eddies and Temperature Structure Functions for Three Contrasting Surfaces. Part I: Ramp Model with Finite Microfront Time', Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 84, this issue.
Collineau, S. and Brunet, Y.: 1993, 'Detection of Turbulent Coherent Motions in a Forest Canopy, Part II: Time-Scales and Conditional Averages', Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 66, 49–73.
Dyer, A. J.: 1974, 'A Review of Flux-Profile Relationships', Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 7, 363–372.
Gao, W., Shaw, R. H., and Paw U, K. T.: 1989, 'Observation of Organized Structure in Turbulent Flow Within and Above a Forest Canopy', Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 47, 349–377.
Hares, M. A.: 1988, Effects of Mulching on the Surface Energy Balance and Soil Thermal Regimes, Ph.D. Thesis, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia.
Hares, M. A. and Novak, M. D.: 1992, 'Simulation of Surface Energy Balance and Soil Temperature Under Strip Tillage: II. Field Test', Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 56, 29–36.
Jacobs, A. F. G., van Boxel, J. H., and Shaw, R. H.: 1994, 'Wind Speed and Air Temperature Characteristics Within a Dense Vegetation Canopy', Preprints, 21st AMS Conference on Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, San Diego, CA, Mar. 7-11, pp. 309–312.
Lee, X.: 1992, Atmospheric Turbulence Within and Above a Coniferous Forest, Ph.D. Thesis, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia.
Lee, X. and Black, T.A.: 1993a, 'Atmospheric Turbulence Within and Above a Douglas-Fir Stand. Part I: Statistical Properties of the Velocity Field', Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 64149–174.
Lee, X. and Black, T. A.: 1993b, 'Atmospheric Turbulence Within and Above a Douglas-Fir Stand. Part II: Eddy Fluxes of Sensible Heat andWaterVapour',Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 64, 369–389.
Lee, X. and Black, T. A.: 1993c, 'Turbulence Near the Forest Floor of an Old-Growth Douglas-Fir Stand on a South-Facing Slope', Forest Science 39, 211–230.
Novak, M. D., Chen, W. J., Orchansky, A. L., and Ketler, R.: 1994, 'Micro-Scale Advection to a Circular Bare Wet Opening in a Straw Mulch', Preprints, 21st AMS Conference on Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, San Diego, CA, Mar. 7-11, pp. 52–55.
Orchansky, A.L., Lee, X., and Novak, M. D.: 1994,'Miniature HotWireAnemometer toMeasureVery Low Wind Speeds', Preprints, 21st AMS Conference on Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, San Diego, CA, Mar. 7-11, pp. 201–202.
Paw U, K. T., Brunet, Y., Collineau, S., Shaw, R. H., Maitani, T., Qiu, J., and Hipps, L.: 1992, 'Evidence of Turbulent Coherent Structures in and above Agricultural Plant Canopies', Agric. For. Meteorol. 61, 55–68.
Paw U, K. T., Qiu, J., Su, H. B., Watanabe, T., and Brunet, Y.: 1995, 'Surface Renewal Analysis: A New Method to Obtain Scalar Fluxes without Velocity Data', Agric. For. Meteorol. 74, 119–137.
Qiu J., Shaw, R. H., and Paw U, K. T.: 1991, 'Comparison of Turbulence Statistics and Structures at Four Vegetation Canopies', Preprints, 20th AMS Conference on Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Salt Lake City, Utah, Sept. 10-13, pp. 66–67.
Qiu J., Paw U, K. T., and Shaw, R. H.: 1995, 'Pseudo-Wavelet Analysis of Turbulence Patterns in Three Vegetation Layers', Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 72, 177–204.
Raupach, M. R.: 1989, 'A Practical Lagrangian Method for Relating Scalar Concentrations to Source Distributions in Vegetation Canopies', Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. 115, 609–632.
Raupach, M. R., Finnigan, J. J., and Brunet, Y.: 1989, 'Coherent Eddies in Vegetation Canopies', Proceedings of the Fourth Australian Conference on Heat and Mass Transfer, Christchurch, NZ, pp. 75–90.
Sellers, P. J., Mintz, Y., Sud, Y. C., and Dalcher, A.: 1986, 'A Simple Biosphere Model (SiB) for Use Within General Circulation Models', J. Atmos. Sci. 43, 505–531.
Shaw, R. H., Paw U, K. T., and Gao,W.: 1989, 'Detection of Temperature Ramps and Flow Structures at a Deciduous Forest Site', Agric. For. Meteorol. 47, 123–138.
Spano, D., Duce, P., Snyder, R. L., and Paw U, K. T.: 1996, 'Verification of Structure Function Approach to Determine Sensible Heat Flux Density Using Surface Renewal Analysis', Preprints, 22nd AMS Conference on Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Atlanta, GA, Jan. 28-Feb. 2, pp. 163–164.
Van Atta, C. W.: 1977, 'Effect of Coherent Structures on Structure Functions of Temperature in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer', Arch. Mech. 29, pp. 161–171.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Chen, W., Novak, M.D., Black, T.A. et al. Coherent eddies and temperature structure functions for three contrasting surfaces. Part II: Renewal model for sensible heat flux. Boundary-Layer Meteorology 84, 125–147 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1000342918158
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1000342918158