Abstract
In this investigation, several experiments were conducted to study the effects of the molar ratio of barium ion and citric acid and the pH value on the formation of BaTiO3 by the citrate process. It was found that the molar ratio of barium ion and citric acid and the pH value could affect the chelation of carboxylate groups and Ba/Ti ions at temperatures below 450 °C but they seemed not to influence the formation of BaTiO3. The development of an oxycarbonate intermediate during the thermal decomposition of (Ba,Ti) gel was confirmed, which was suggested to possess a structure of BaTiO3, whereby CO−23 was located inside the layer structure.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
C. J. Brinker and G. W. Scherer, “Sol-Gel Science: The Physics and Chemistry of Sol-Gel Processing” (Academic Press, New York, 1990).
M. S. Wu and T. T. Fang, Mater. Chem. Phys. 37 (1994) 278.
W. S. Clabaugh, E. M. Swiggard and R. Gilchrist, J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand. 56 (1956) 289.
M. P. Pechini, US Patent No. 3 330 697, 11 July 1967.
P. K. Gallagher and J. Thomson Jr, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 48 (1965) 644.
D. Hennings and W. Mayr, J. Solid State Chem. 26 (1978) 329.
A. S. Shaikh and G. M. Vest, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 69 (1986) 682.
P. P. Phule and S. H. Risbud, Mater. Sci. Eng. B 3 (1989) 241.
H. S. Gopalakrishnamurthy, M. S. Rao and T. R. N. Kutty, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 37 (1975) 891.
M. Rajendran and M. S. Rao, J. Solid State Chem. 113 (1994) 239.
S. Kumar, G. L. Messing and W. B. White, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 76 (1993) 617.
J. D. Tsay and T. T. Fang, accepted by J. Am. Ceram. Soc.
W. J. Lee and T. T. Fang, J. Mater. Sci. 30 (1995) 4349.
S. G. Cho, P. F. Johnson and R. A. Condrate SR, ibid. 25 (1990) 4738.
K. Nakamoto, “Infrared and Raman Spectra of Inorganic and Coordinate Compounds”, 4th Edn (Wiley Press, New York, 1986) p. 231.
K. Nakamoto, ibid. p. 101.
K. Nakamoto, ibid. p. 476.
L. H. Little, A. V. Kiselev and V. I. Lygin, “Infrared Spectra of Adsorbed Species” (Academic Press, New York, 1966) p. 57.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Tsay, JD., Fang, TT., Gubiotti, T.A. et al. Evolution of the formation of barium titanate in the citrate process: the effect of the pH and the molar ratio of barium ion and citric acid. Journal of Materials Science 33, 3721–3727 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004636219542
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004636219542